ARTICLE IX. AUTHENTICATION AND 
IDENTIFICATION

901. Requirement of Authentication or Identification

(a) General Provision

(b) Illustrations

(1) Testimony of Witness with Knowledge

(2) Nonexpert Opinion on Handwriting

(3) Comparison by Trier or Expert Witness

(4) Distinctive Characteristics and the Like

(5) Voice Identification

(6) Telephone Conversations

(7) Public Records or Reports

(8) Ancient Documents

(9) Process or System

(10) Methods Provided by Statute or Rule

(11) Electronic or Digital Communication

902. Self-Authentication

(a) Court Records Under Seal

(b) Domestic Official Records Not Under Seal

(c) Foreign Official Records

(d) Certified Copies of Public Records

(e) Official Publications

(f) Certain Newspapers

(g) Trade Inscriptions

(h) Acknowledged Documents

(i) Commercial Paper and Related Documents

(j) Presumptions Created by Law

(k) Certified Copies of Hospital and Other Records
of Treatment and Medical History

(l) Copies of Hospital and Other Records of Itemized
Bills and Reports

(m) Copies of Bills for Genetic Marker Tests and for
Prenatal and Postnatal Care

(n) Results of Genetic Marker Tests

903. Subscribing Witness Testimony Not Necessary