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References
References are provided for land managers and others interested in learning more about early-successional habitats and their management. The listing of a reference is not necessarily a statement of recommendation, but is provided only as a potential source for additional information. References have been provided for the following subjects:
- Early-successional Habitats - Wildlife & Habitat Trends
- Effects of Natural Disturbances and Land Use History on Habitat Availability
- Early-successional Habitats - Conservation and Management
- Invasive Exotic Plants - Ecology and Control (Limited to those species commonly found in abandoned field areas).
If you know of a specific reference that you believe would be helpful but is not included here, please contact the Upland Program coordinator for possible inclusion in future updates.
Early-successional Habitats - Wildlife & Habitat Trends
Askins, R.A. 1993. Population trends in grassland, shrubland, and forest birds in eastern North America. Current Ornithology 11: 1-34.
Askins, R.A. 1998. Restoring forest disturbances to sustain populations of shrubland birds. Restoration and Management Notes 16:166-173.
Askins, R.A. 2000. Restoring North America's Birds: lessons from landscape ecology. Yale University Press 320p. Hill, N.P., and J.M. Hagan, III. 1991. Population trends of some northeastern North American landbirds: a half-century of data. Wilson Bulletin 103:165-182.
Dwyer, T.J., D.G. McAuley, and E.L. Derleth. 1983. Woodock singing-ground counts and habitat changes in the northeastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:772-779.
Kelley, J.R., Jr. 2000. American woodcock population status, 2000. USFWS, Laurel, MD.
Litvaitis, J.A. 1993. Response of early-successional vertebrates to historic changes in land use. Conservation Biology 7:866-873.
Litvaitis, J.A., D.L.Wagner, J.L. Confer, M.D. Tarr, and E.J. Snyder. 1999. Early-successional forests and shrub-dominated habitats: land-use artifacts or critical community in the northeastern United States. Northeast Wildlife 54:101-118.
McAuley, D., and D.A. Clugston. 1998. American woodcock. Pages 193-197 in M.J. Mac, P.A. Opler, C.E. Puckett Haecker, and P.D. Doran (eds.). Status and trends of the nation's biological resources. Volume 1. USGS, Reston, VA.
Trani, M.K. 1999. Early-successional habitat and open lands assessment: Report one. USDA-Forest Service, Atlanta, GA.
Trani, M.K., R.T. Brooks, T.L. Schmidt, V.A. Rudis, and C.M. Gabbard. 2001. Patterns and trends of early-successional forests in the eastern United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:413-424.
Vickery, P.D., and P.W. Dunwiddie. 1997. Grasslands of northeastern North America. Massachusetts Audubon Society: ecology and conservation of native and agriculatural landscapes. 297p.
Effects of Natural Disturbances and Land Use History on Habitat Availability
Brooks, R.T., and T.W. Birch. 1988. Changes in New England forests and forest owners: Implications for wildlife habitat resources and management. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 53:78-87.
Cronon, W. 1983. Changes in the land: Indians, colonists, and the ecology of New England. Hill and Wang 241p. Day, G.M. 1953. The Indian as an ecological factor in the northeastern forest. Ecology 32:329-346.
DeGraaf, R.M., and R.I. Miller. 1996. The importance of disturbance and land-use history in New England: implications for forested landscapes and wildlife conservation. Pages 3-35 in R.M. DeGraaf, and R.I. Miller, (eds.). Conservation of faunal diversity in forested landscapes. Chapman and Hall.
Harper, R.M. 1918. Changes in the forest areas of New England in three centuries. Journal of Forestry 16:442-452.
Foster, C.H.W. (ed.). 1998. Stepping back to look forward: a history of Massachusetts forest. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Foster, D.R. 1992. Land-use history (1730-1990) and vegetation dynamics in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80(4):753-772.
Foster, D.R., and E.R. Boose. 1992. Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80:79-98.
Foster, D.R., and J.F. O'Keefe. 2000. New England forests through time: insights from the Harvard Forest dioramas. Harvard University Press 67p.
Litvaitis, J.A. 1993. Response of early-successional vertebrates to historic changes in land use. Conservation Biology 7:866-873.
Litvaitis, J.A., D.L.Wagner, J.L. Confer, M.D. Tarr, and E.J. Snyder. 1999. Early-successional forests and shrub-dominated habitats: land-use artifacts or critical community in the northeastern United States. Northeast Wildlife 54:101-118.
Lorimer, C.G. 1977. The presettlement forest and natural disturbance cycle of eastern Maine. Ecology 58:135-148.
Lorimer, C.G. 2001. Historical and ecological roles of disturbance in eastern North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:425-439.
Patterson, W.A., and K.E. Sassaman. 1988. Indian fires in the prehistory of New England. Pages 107-135 in Nicholas, G.P., (ed.). Holocene human ecology in northeastern North American. Plenum, NY.
Russel, E.W.B. 1997. People and the land through time: linking ecology and history. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Wessels, T. 1997. Reading the forested landscape: a natural history of New England. The Countryman Press, Woodstock, VT.
Whitney, G.G. 1994. From coastal wilderness to fruited plain: a history of environmental change in temperate North America from 1500 to the present. Cambridge University Press 451p.
Early-successional Habitats - Conservation and Management
Grasslands
Aldous, A.E. 1930. Effect of different clipping treatments on the yield and vigor of prairie grass vegetation. Ecology 11(4):752-759.
Askins, R.A. 1995. Conservation of grassland birds of the northeast. Bird Observer 23(2):85-88.
Askins, R.A. 1999. History of grassland birds in eastern North America. Studies in Avian Biology 19:60-71.
Askins, R.A. 2000. Restoring North America's Birds: lessons from landscape ecology. Yale University Press 320p.
Bakker, J.P. 1989. Nature management by grazing and cutting. 1st ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Best, L.B., K.E. Freemark, J.J. Dinsmore, and M. Camp. 1995. A review and synthesis of bird habitat use in agricultural landscapes of Iowa. American Midland Naturalist 134:1-29.
Bollinger, E.K. and T.A. Gavin. 1992. Eastern bobolink populations: ecology and conservation in an agricultural landscape. Pages 497-506 in J.M. Hagen III and D.W. Johnston, (eds.). Ecology and conservation of neotropical landbirds. Smithsonian Institute Press. 609pp.
Collins, S.L. 1998. Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie. Science 280:645-747.
Crockett, J.J. 1964. Effect of mowing on relict tall grass prairie. Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 46:326-335.
Dale, E.E. Jr. 1982. The effects of mowing and burning on a restored prairie at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Benton County, Arkansas. Pages 134-138 in Brewer, R. (ed). Proceedings of the eighth North American Prairie Conference. Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Diboll, N. 1984. Mowing as an alternative to spring burning for control of cool season exotic grasses in prairie grass plantings. Pages 204-209 in Clamby, G.K. and R.H. Pemble, (eds.). The prairie: past, present and future. Proceedings of the ninth North American Prairie Conference. North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota.
Dwyer, D.D., W.C. Elder, and G. Singh. 1963. Effects of height and frequency of clipping on pure stands of range grasses in north central Oklahoma. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin B-614, 10.
Ehrenreich, J.H. and J.M. Aikman. 1963. An ecological study of the effect of certain management practices on native prairie in Iowa. Ecological Monographs 33(2):113-130.
Gibson, D.J., T.R. Seastedt, and J.M. Briggs. 1993. Management practices in tallgrass prairie: large- and small-scale experimental effects on species composition. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:247-255.
Gillen, R.L. and R.W. McNew. 1987. Seasonal growth rates of tallgrass prairie after clipping. Journal of Range Management 40(4):342-345.
Guesewell, S., A. Buttler and F. Kloetzli. 1998. Short-term and long-term effects of mowing on the vegetation of two calcareous fens. Journal of Vegetation Science 9(6):861-872.
Herkert, J.R., D.W. Sample, and R.E. Warner. 1996. Management of midwestern grassland landscapes for the conservation of migratory birds. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources 32p.
Herkert, J.R., R.E. Szafoni, V.M. Kleen, and J.E. Schwegman. 1993. Habitat establishment, enhancement, and management for forest and grassland birds in Illinois. Illinois Dept. of Conserv., Nat. Heritage Technical Publication #1. 20pp.
Hesse, J.F. 1973. Effects of mowing on the vegetative and reproductive development of species of wildflowers. Unpublished masters thesis. Universtiy of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Holechek, J.L. et al. 1989. Range management: principles and practices. Prentice Hall
Howell, E.A. and W.R. Jordan. 1991. Tall grass prairie restoration in the North American Midwest. In Spellerberg, I.F., goldsmith, F.B. and Morris, M.G., (eds.). The scientific management of temperate communities for conservation. Oxford:Blackwell.
Hullahey, J.J., S.S. Waller and L.E. Moser. 1990. Defoliation effects on production and morphological development of little bluestem. Journal of Range Management 43(6):497-500.
Johnson, R.G., and S.A. Temple. 1986. Assessing habitat quality for birds nesting in fragmented tallgrass prairies. Pages 245-249 in Verner, J., M.L. Morrison, and C.J. Ralph, (eds.). Wildlife 2000: modeling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. Univ. of Wisconsin Press.
Johnstone, R.A. 1990. Vegetation management: mowing to spraying. Journal of Arboriculture 16:186-189.
Koford, R.R., and L.B. Best. 1996. Management of agricultural landscapes for the conservation of neotropical migratory birds. Pages 68-88 in Thompson, F.R. III, (ed.). Managing midwestern landscapes for the conservation of neoptropical migratory birds. General Technical Report- NC-187. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
Mitchley, J. and J.H. Willems. 1995. Vertical canopy structure of Dutch chalk grassland in relation to their management. Vegetatio 117:17-27.
Parr, T.W. and J.M. Way. 1988. Management of roadside vegetation: the long-term effect of cutting. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:1073-1087.
Penfound, W.T. 1964. Effects of denudation on the productivity of grassland. Ecology 45(4):838-845. Pond, F.W. 1961. Effect of three intensities of clipping on the density and production of meadow vegetation. Journal of Range Management. 14(1):34-38.
Rice, E.L. and R.L. Parenti. 1978. Causes of decreases in productivity in undisturbed tall grass prairie. American Journal of Botany 65(10):1091-1097.
Ryan, M.R. 1986. Nongame management in grassland and agriculture ecosystems. Pages 117-136 in J.B. Hale, L.B. Best, R.L. Clawson, (eds.). Management of nongame wildlife in the midwest: a developing art. The Wildlife Society. 171pp.
Sample, D.W., and M.J. Mossman. 1997. Managing habitat for grassland birds: a guide for Wisconsin. Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, Bureau of Integrated Science Services 154p.
Stampfli, A. 1999. Plant species decline due to abandonment of meadow cannot easily be reversed by mowing: a case study from the southern Alps. Vegetation Science 10:151-164.
Stromberg and Kephart. 1996. Restoring native grasses in California old fields. Rest. Management Notes 14(2).
Tinklin, R. 1988. Effects of mowing regime on the floral diversity of roadside verges. Aspects of Applied Biology 16:27-33.
Turner, C.L., T.R. Seastedt and M.I. Dyer. 1993. Maximization of aboveground grassland production: the role of defoliation frequency, intensity and history. Ecological Applications 3(1): 175-186.
Vickery, P.D., and P.W. Dunwiddie. 1997. Grasslands of northeastern North America: ecology and conservation of native and agricultural landscapes. Massachusetts Audubon Society. 297p.
Vickery, P.D., and J.R. Herkert. 1999. Ecology and conservation of grassland birds of the western hemisphere. Studies in Avian Biology Number 19.
Volkert, W.K. 1992. Response of grassland birds to a large scale prairie planting project. Passenger Pigeon 54:191-196.
Wells, T.C.E. 1970. A comparison of the effects of sheep grazing and mechanical cutting on the structure and botanical composition of chalk greassland. In: Duffey, E. and A.S. Watt. (eds) The scientific management of animal and plant communities for conservation. Scientific Publications, Oxford, London. 497-515.
Westemeier, R.L., and J.E. Buhnerkempe. 1983. Responses of nesting wildlife to prairie grass management on Prairie chicken sanctuaries in Illinois. Illinois Dept. of Conservation.
Shrublands and Early-successional Forests
Askins, R.A. 1998. Restoring forest disturbances to sustain populations of shrubland birds. Restoration and Management Notes 16:166-173.
Back, G.N. 1979. Avian communities and management guidelines of the aspen-birch forest. Pages 67-79 in the Proceedings of a Workshop on the Management of Northcentral and Northeastern Forests for Non-game birds. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. GTR NC-51. DeGraaf, R.M. 1992. Effects of even-aged management on forest birds at northern hardwood stand interfaces. Forest Ecology and Management 46:95-110.
Dessecker, D.R.and D.G. McAuley. 2001. Importance of early successional habitat to ruffed grouse and American woodcock. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:456-465.
Elliot, K.J., and W.T. Swank. 1994. Changes in tree species diversity after successive clearcuts in the Southern Appalachians. Vegetation 115: 11-18.
Hunter, W.C., D.A. Buehler, R.A. Canterbury, J.L. Confer, and P.B. Hamel. 2001. Conservation of disturbance-dependant birds in eastern North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:440-455.
King, D.I., R.M. DeGraaf, and C.R. Griffin. 2001. Productivity of early-successional shrubland birds in clearcuts and group cuts in an eastern deciduous forest. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:803-814.
Krementz, D.G. and J.S. Christie. 2000. Clearcut size and scrub-successional bird assemblages. Auk 117:913-924.
Litvaitis, J.A. 2001. Importance of early successional habitats to mammals in eastern forests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:466-473.
Litvaitis, JA., and R. Villafuerte. 1996. Factors affecting the persistance of New England cottontail metapopulations: the role of habitat management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:686-693.
Litvaitis, J.A., D.L.Wagner, J.L. Confer, M.D. Tarr, and E.J. Snyder. 1999. Early-successional forests and shrub-dominated habitats: land-use artifacts or critical community in the northeastern United States. Northeast Wildlife 54:101-118.
Perry, M.C., P.C. Osenton, F.W. Fallon, and J.E. Fallon. Optimal management strategies for biodiversity within a powerline right-of-way. Elsevier Science Pp:133-139.
Scanlon, J.J. 1992. Managing forests to enhance wildlife diversity in Massachusetts. Northeast Wildlife 49:1-9.
Sepik, G.G., R.B. Owen, Jr., and M.W. Coulter. 1981. A landowner's guide to woodcock management in the northeast. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Misc. Report 253, Orono, ME.
Thompson, F.R. III, and R.M. DeGraaf. 2001. Conservation approaches for woody, early successional communities in the eastern United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:483-494.
Thompson, F.R. III, and D.R. Dessecker. 1997. Management of early-successional communities in central hardwood forests. USDA-Forest Service General Technical Report NC-195, St. Paul, MN.
Invasive Exotic Plants - Ecology and Control
Boudreau, D., and G. Willson. 1992. Buckthorn research and control at Pipestone National Monument (Minnesota). Restoration and Management Notes 10:94-95.
Branton, S.P. 1982. The effects of exotic plant and animal species on nature preserves. Natural Areas Journal 2:3-13.
Brunelle, H. 1996. Invasive plant information sheet: Bush honeysuckles. Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2p.
Brunelle, H., and B. Lapin. 1996. Invasive plant information sheet: Garlic mustard. Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2p.
Brunelle, H., and B. Lapin. 1996. Invasive plant information sheet: Japanese barberry. Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2p.
Brunelle, H., and B. Lapin. 1996. Invasive plant information sheet: Multiflora rose. Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2p.
Brunelle, H., and B. Lapin. 1996. Invasive plant information sheet: Spotted knapweed. Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2p.
Choi, Y.D. 1994. Comparison of fire, herbicide, and sod removal to control exotic vegetation. Natural Areas Journal 14:217-218.
DeLoach, C.J. 1991. Past successes and current prospects in biological control of weeds in the United States and Canada. Natural Areas Journal 11:129-142.
Dept. of Conserv. And Rec., and VA Native Plant Society. 1994. Invasive alien plant species of Virginia: autumn olive and Russian olive. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (Phone: 804-786-7951). 2p.
Dept. of Conserv. And Rec., and VA Native Plant Society. 1994. Invasive alien plant species of Virginia: bush honeysuckles. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (Phone: 804-786-7951). 2p.
Dept. of Conserv. And Rec., and VA Native Plant Society. 1994. Invasive alien plant species of Virginia: spotted knapweed. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation (Phone: 804-786-7951). 2p.
Evans, J.E. 1983. A literature review of management practices for mulitflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Natural Areas Journal 3:7-15.
Evans, J.E. 1984. Japanese honeysuckle(Lonicera japonica): a literature review of management practices. Natural Areas Journal 4:4-10.
Gourley, L.C., and E. Howell. 1984. Factors in buckthorn invasion documented; control measure checked (Wisconsin). Restoration and Management Notes 2:87.
Harrington, R.A., B.J. Brown, P.B. Reich, and J.H. Fownes. 1989. Ecophysiology of exotic and native shrubs in Southern Wisconsin. Oecologia 80:368-373.
Harty, F.M. 1986. Exotics and their ecological ramifications. Natural Areas Journal 6:20-26.
Heidorn, R. 1991. Vegetation management guideline: exotic buckthorns - common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), glossy buckthorn (R. frangula), Dahurian buckthorn (R. davirica). Natural Areas Journal 11:216-217.
Hester, F.E. 1991. The U.S. National Park Service experience with exotic species. Natural Areas Journal 11:127-128.
Kline, V. 1981. Control of honeysuckle and buckthorn in oak forests. Restoration and Management Notes 1:18.
Kuhns, L.J. 1986. Controlling autumn olive with herbicides. Proceedings of the Northeast Weed Science Society 40:289-294.
Liegel, K., R. Marty, and J. Lyon. 1984. Black locust control with several herbicides, techniques tested (Wisconsin). Restoration and Management Notes 2:87.
Miller, J.H. 1990. Streamline basal application of herbicide for small-stem hardwood control. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14:161-165.
New England Wildflower Society. 1998. Invaders. New England Wild Flower: Conservation Notes of the New England Wildflower Society. 31p.
Nuzzo, V., J. Kennay, and G. Fell. 1990. Vegetation management guideline: garlic mustard (Alliaria officianlis). Illinois Nature Preserves Commission.
Packard, S. 1987. Mixed results in control of trees by shallow girdling (Illinois). Restoration and Management Notes 5:41.
Pimentel, D., L. Lach, R. Zuniga, and D. Morrison. 2000. Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States. BioScience 50:53-64.
Post, T.W., and K.F. Klick. 1988. One-year study of fire effects on Rhamnus frangula. Natural Areas Journal 8:120-121.
Post, T.W., E. McCloskey, and K.F. Klick. 1989. Two-year study of fire effects on Rhamnus frangula. Natural Areas Journal 9:175-176.
Randall, J.M., and J. Marinelli. 1996. Invasive plants: weeds of the global garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 111p.
Scheerer, M., and M.T. Jackson. 1989. Experimental use of herbicides to control black locust populations. Natural Areas Journal 9:176.
Shepard, C. 1996. Invasive plant information sheet - Asiatic bittersweet. Connecticut Chapter of The Nature Conservancy and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 2p.
Stein, B.A., and S.R. Flack. America's least wanted. The Nature Conservancy.
Szafoni, R.E. 1991. Vegetation management guideline: autumn olive. Natural Areas Journal 11:121-122.
Szafoni, R.E. 1991. Vegetation management guideline: multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora). Natural Areas Journal 11:215-216.
Weatherbee, P.B. 1994. The most unwanted plants. Massachusetts Wildlife 44:27-33.
Weatherbee, P.B., P. Somers, and T. Simmons. 1998. A guide to invasive plants in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife, Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program. (Not currently available for circulation).
Weitzenberg, J., and J. Zenter. 1997. Herbicide spray provide best control of black locust saplings (California). Restoration and Management Notes 15:94.
Whelan, C.J., and M.L. Dilger. 1992. Invasive, exotic shrubs: a paradox for natural areas managers. Natural Areas Journal 12:109-110.
White, D.J., E. Haber, and C. Keddy. 1993. Invasive plants of natural habitats in Canada: an integrated review of wetland and upland species and legislation governing their control. Canadian Wildlife Service and Canadian Museum of Nature.