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State Mammal List

Unlike birds, mammals have received comparatively scant attention in Massachusetts. Except for those of sporting or economic interest and a few highly adaptable species such as the gray squirrel, most mammals were traditionally ignored or overlooked. Misconceptions and difficulties in identification have contributed to a general lack of interest, but a growing environmental awareness has awakened a new realization of the diversity, abundance, and values of the state's mammalian fauna. This list is intended to broaden that awareness. Keep in mind that many species are nocturnal, reclusive, or localized in distribution. Specific identification may also require the examination of teeth or other characters which are difficult to observe. Those species appearing on the current list of Endangered, Threatened, and Special Concern species in Massachusetts are indicated with an asterisk (*) .

James E. Cardoza, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife

Gwilym S. Jones, Center for Vertebrate Studies, Dept. Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA

Thomas W. French, Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife

 

DIDELPHIMORPHIA: Didelphidae (New World Opossums)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Virginia Opossum Didelphis virginiana Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.

 

INSECTIVORA: Soricidae (Shrews)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Masked Shrew Sorex cinereus Statewide.
Rock (Long-tailed) Shrew* Sorex dispar Reported only from Berkshire County.
Listed as Special Concern.
Smoky Shrew Sorex fumeus Central and western Massachusetts.
Pygmy Shrew Sorex hoyi One record, Berkshire County, 1991.
Common Water Shrew* Sorex palustris Reported from Berkshire, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire and Worcester counties. Listed as Special Concern.
Northern Short-tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda Statewide

 

Talpidae (Moles and Shrew-moles)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Hairy-tailed Mole Parascalops breweri Northeastern, central, and western Massachusetts.
The putative type locality of "Martha's Vineyard"is undoubtedly erroneous.
Eastern Mole Scalopus aquaticus Southern Connecticut River Valley, southern Plymouth County, and Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket counties.
Star-nosed Mole Condylura cristata Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.

 

CHIROPTERA: Vespertilionidae (Vesper Bats)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Eastern Small-footed Bat* Myotis leibii Reported from Berkshire and Franklin Counties. Listed as Special Concern.
Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus Statewide.
Northern Long-eared Bat Myotis septentrionalis Probably occurs statewide; hypothetical on Nantucket.
Indiana Bat* Myotis sodalis Probably extirpated from Massachusetts; last recorded 1939. Reported from Berkshire, Hampden, and Worcester counties. Listed as Endangered.
Eastern Red Bat Lasiurus borealis Migratory. May occur statewide.
Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus Migratory. Apparently occurs statewide; we have records for 8 counties.
Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Migratory. May occur statewide.
Eastern Pipistrelle Pipistrellus subflavus Statewide. Status hypothetical in Dukes and Nantucket counties.
Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus Statewide. Status hypothetical in Dukes and Nantucket counties.

 

LAGOMORPHA: Leporidae (Hares and Rabbits)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Eastern Cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus Statewide. Introduced, principally S. f. mallurus and S. f. mearnsii.
New England Cottontail Sylvilagus transitionalis Formerly occurred statewide; distribution now spotty. Probably extirpated from Dukes and Nantucket counties.
European Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Widely introduced in the 1920's and 1930's. Feral populations still exist on certain islands in Boston Harbor.
Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus Statewide except Dukes and Suffolk counties. Also widely introduced, principally L. a. americanus.
Black-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus californicus Introduced. Now found only on Nantucket island.
European Hare Lepus europaeus Unsuccessfully introduced in Berkshire County and elsewhere prior to the 1930's. Now apparently absent.

 

RODENTIA: Sciuridae (Tree Squirrels and Marmots)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Eastern Chipmunk Tamias striatus Statewide except Nantucket County.
Woodchuck Marmota monax Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.
Eastern Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Statewide. Recently introduced to Nantucket.
Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.
Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus Northeastern, central, and western Massachusetts.
Southern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys volans Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.

 

Castoridae (Beavers)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
American Beaver Castor canadensis Northeastern, central, and western Massachusetts.

 

Muridae (Mice, Rats, Voles, and Lemmings)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
White-footed Mouse Peromyscus leucopus Statewide.
Deer Mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Central and western Massachusetts.
Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus Introduced. Statewide.
Black Rat Rattus rattus Introduced. Formerly occurred in the vicinity of large cities and seaports. Now eradicated.
House Mouse Mus musculus Introduced. Statewide; distribution spotty. Apparently absent from Martha's Vineyard.
Southern Red-backed Vole Clethrionomys gapperi Statewide except Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Statewide. The vole of Muskeget Island, Nantucket County, is sometimes considered a separate species, M. breweri.
Woodland Vole Microtus pinetorum Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.
Common Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Statewide except Nantucket County.
Southern Bog Lemming* Synaptomys cooperi Reported from Franklin, Hampshire, Plymouth, and Worcester counties. Probably occurs elsewhere in the state in areas of suitable habitat. Listed as Special Concern.

 

Zapodidae (Jumping Mice)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Meadow Jumping Mouse Zapus hudsonius Statewide.
Woodland Jumping Mouse Napaeozapus insignis Central and western Massachusetts.

 

Erethizontidae (New World Porcupines)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Common Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Northeastern, central, and western Massachusetts.

 

CARNIVORA: Canidae (Dogs, Foxes, and Wolves)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Domestic Dog Canis familiaris Statewide; feral.
Coyote Canis latrans Nearly statewide, including the Elizabeth Islands. Absent from Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
Gray Wolf Canis lupus Extirpated from the state by about 1840; one later record, Berkshire County, 1918, probably an escaped captive. U.S. Endangered as C. l. lycaon.
Red Fox Vulpes vulpes Distribution in presettlement period not well known. Widely introduced from Europe in the 1700's. Now statewide except Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
Common Gray Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Statewide except Dukes, Nantucket, and possibly Suffolk counties.

 

Ursidae (Bears)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Black Bear Ursus americanus Central and western Massachusetts.

 

Odobenidae (Walruses)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Walrus Odobenus rosmarus Accidental vagrant. Recorded in Essex (1937) and Plymouth (1734) counties.

 

Phocidae (Earless or Hair Seals)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Harp Seal Phoca groenlandica Annual vagrant; recorded in Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, Nantucket, Plymouth and Suffolk counties.
Ringed Seal Phoca hispida Rare vagrant along coast, Essex to Middlesex counties.
Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina Coastal Massachusetts.
Gray Seal Halichoerus grypus Resident in Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket county waters. Also recorded elsewhere in the state as a northern vagrant.
Hooded Seal Cystophora cristata Annual vagrant; recorded in Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, Nantucket, and Plymouth counties.
Bearded Seal Erignathus barbatus One record, Essex County, 2002.

 

Procyonidae (Raccoons, Coatis, and Ringtails)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Common Raccoon Procyon lotor Statewide except Nantucket County.

 

Mustelidae (Weasels, Minks, Martens, and Otters)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
American Marten Martes americana Extirpated. Formerly central and western Massachusetts. Last known record, Worcester County, 1880. One vagrant from Vermont taken in Worcester County, 1992. A 1993 Worcester County record is believed to have been an escape from a fur farm.
Fisher Martes pennanti Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties. Range expansion into Barnstable County has occurred recently (2006).
Ermine Mustela erminea Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.
Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata Statewide except Dukes and Nantucket counties.
American Mink Mustela vison Statewide except Nantucket and possibly Suffolk counties. The Sea Mink, M. v. macrodon, now extinct, formerly occurred in coastal Massachusetts.
Wolverine Gulo gulo Extirpated. Reported to occur in western Massachusetts prior to 1835.
Northern River Otter Lontra canadensis Statewide except Nantucket and possibly Suffolk counties. One record on Nantucket, 1984.

 

Mephitidae (Skunks)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis Statewide except Nantucket County.

 

Felidae (Cats)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Domestic Cat Felis catus Statewide; feral.
Mountain Lion (Cougar) Puma concolor Extirpated; last known record, Hampshire County, ca. 1858. Recent sight records are suspicious and unverified. U.S. Endangered as F. c. couguar.
Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis Extirpated. Recorded Hampshire County (1866) and Worcester County (1884-85). Questionable reports from 1930's may be misidentified bobcats. At least 2 records in 1991 were wandering lynx released in New York.
Bobcat Lynx rufus Northeastern, central, and western Massachusetts.

 

CETACEA: Balaenopteridae (Rorqual Whales)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Minke Whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata Inshore waters; stranded Barnstable, Essex, Norfolk, Plymouth, and Suffolk counties.
Sei Whale* Balaenoptera borealis Stranded in Barnstable (1910 & 1974) and Plymouth (1948) counties. Listed as Endangered.
Blue Whale* Balaenoptera musculus One questionable stranding, Essex County, 1755. Recent near-shore records. Listed as Endangered.
Fin Whale* Balaenoptera physalus Formerly common offshore. Stranded Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, and Plymouth counties. Listed as Endangered.
Humpback Whale* Megaptera novaeangliae Stranded in Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, Nantucket, Norfolk, and Suffolk counties. Listed as Endangered.

 

Balaenidae (Right and Bowhead Whales)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Northern [Black] Right Whale* Eubalaena glacialis Formerly stranded frequently. Now observed in waters of Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, Nantucket, and Plymouth counties. Listed as Endangered.

 

Monodontidae (Belugas and Narwhals)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
White Whale (Beluga) Delphinapterus leucas Observed in waters of Barnstable, Dukes and Essex counties; killed in Barnstable County (prior to 1904) and stranded in Dukes County (1983).

 

Delphinidae (Dolphins and Pilot Whales)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Bottle-nosed Dolphin Tursiops truncatus Inshore waters; stranded Barnstable and Plymouth counties.
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin Stenella attenuata Two records, coastal Massachusetts.
Striped Dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba Pelagic; reported from Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, Nantucket and Plymouth counties.
Saddle-backed (Common) Dolphin Delphinus delphis Reported from Barnstable, Dukes and Nantucket counties.
Atlantic White-sided Dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus Coastal waters; stranded in Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, Nantucket and Norfolk counties.
White-beaked Dolphin Lagenorhychus albirostris Coastal waters; reported from Barnstable and Essex counties.
Risso's Dolphin (Grampus) Grampus griseus Offshore; stranded Barnstable, Dukes and Norfolk counties.
False Killer Whale Pseudorca crassidens One record, Barnstable County, 1997.
Short-finned Pilot Whale Globicephala macrorhychus One record, Dukes County, 1980.
Long-finned Pilot Whale Globicephala melas Occurs in schools, frequently stranded. Reported from Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, and Nantucket counties.
Killer Whale Orcinus orca Offshore waters; stranded in Barnstable and Dukes counties and observed in Plymouth and Suffolk county waters.

 

Phocoenidae (Porpoises)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Harbor Porpoise Phocoena phocoena Coastal waters; reported from Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Essex, Plymouth, and Suffolk counties.

 

Ziphiidae (Beaked Whales)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Goose-beaked Whale Ziphius cavirostris Pelagic; strandings in Barnstable (1958 & 1961) and Dukes (1963) counties.
North Atlantic Bottle-nosed Whale Hyperoodon ampullatus Pelagic; stranded in Barnstable (1869) and Essex (1923) counties.
North Atlantic Beaked Whale Mesoplodon bidens Two records, Nantucket County (1867 & 1973).
Dense-beaked Whale Mesoplodon densirostris One record, Essex County, 1898.
Gervais' Beaked Whale Mesoplodon europaeus One record, Barnstable County, 1997.
True's Beaked Whale Mesoplodon mirus One record, Nantucket County, 1982.

 

Physeteridae (Sperm and Pygmy Sperm Whales)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Pygmy Sperm Whale Kogia breviceps Offshore waters; stranded in Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, Norfolk and Plymouth counties and recorded in Bristol County waters.
Sperm Whale* Physeter catodon Formerly abundant offshore. Strandings in Barnstable, Dukes, Essex, and Nantucket counties. Listed as Endangered.

 

ARTIODACTYLA: Cervidae (Deer, Elk, and Moose)
Common Name Scientific Name Distribution
Fallow Deer Dama dama Introduced, Dukes County. None reported since the early 1980s.
Wapiti (Elk) Cervus elaphus Extirpated. Occurred infrequently in western Mass. in colonial times. Last known record, Worcester County, ca. 1732.
White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus Statewide with the apparent exception of Suffolk County.
Moose Alces alces Now breeds locally in northeastern, central, and western Massachusetts; vagrants also occur.

 


STATE MAMMAL LIST INFORMATION AND HISTORY

The first formal list of Massachusetts mammals was prepared by Edward Hitchcock in 1835 (Catalogues of animals and plants. Pages 525-652. in A report on the geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology of Massachusetts. J.S. & C. Adams, Amherst, Mass.). Hitchcock recognized 45 mammal "species". However, his list included one fish (the swordfish) and three mammals now recognized as subspecies, leaving 41 species as now known. The present list recognizes 101 species. This includes 58 native land mammals, 33 marine mammals, seven introduced species, and three feral domestic species. Of these, seven have been extirpated, three unsuccessfully introduced, and four seals recognized as vagrants, leaving 60 mammals (exclusive of 27 cetaceans) potentially present in the state. The list does not include the caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and the bison (Bison sp.) which have been recorded in the state from archaeological evidence, but undoubtedly did not occur after European settlement. It also does not include the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) which was of doubtful occurrence in Massachusetts. Early references to this squirrel probably confused it with melanistic gray squirrels (S. carolinensis). At least 10 other mammals have escaped or been released in the state (see Fauna Series #6, 1993); however, none of these have established populations.

State records are accepted on the basis of specimen or photographic evidence, including those reported in the technical literature or otherwise known to personnel of the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Certain cetaceans and extirpated species are accepted without specimen evidence due to post-mortem examination by competent scientists or identifiable descriptions in the historical literature.

Distributional information, in most instances, is given by county or region and is based on published records, cooperator reports, and on file notes of the Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Distributions are not necessarily definitive, however, and in many instances reflect the need for further investigations of certain species.

Nomenclature follows Jones, C. et al. (Revised check-list of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1997. Occ. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech. Univ. 173:1-21, 1997), except for marine species which follow Wilson and Reeder (Mammal species of the world, 2nd ed., Smithsonian Inst. Press, 1993). Subspecific names are omitted from this edition, but may be found in the second edition or in Hall (The Mammals of North America, 2nd ed., J. Wiley, 1981).

A selected bibliography of Massachusetts and regional faunal lists dealing is listed below.

Persons interested in reporting locality information for species on this list should contact MassWildlife's Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program (508-389-6360) for rare animal observation forms. Locality information for such species remains confidential except for official purposes.

All native mammals are protected by state law (M.G.L. c. 131, § 5) and may not be hunted, trapped, captured, or possessed except under license or permit or when otherwise allowed by statute or regulation. Queries may be addressed to MassWildlife, 251 Causeway Street, Boston 02114, or MassWildlife, Field Headquarters, 1 Rabbit Hill Road, Westborough 01581 or email: Mass.Wildlife@state.ma.us


STATE MAMMAL LIST BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following bibliography contains all the regional and state and most local mammalian faunal lists pertaining to Massachusetts known to us. It does not contain listings referable to only a single species or to a few species. It also does not contain references dealing only with archaeological records. Some of the references listed contain errors and it would be wise to check the original sources, wherever possible. All publications listed have been seen by us. The historical references cited are not, strictly speaking, faunal lists but they contain much data on the larger mammals of the Colonial period not elsewhere available. Faunal references for the approximate period 1675-1850 are scanty, but some information may be derived from town and county histories and other early records.

HISTORICAL REFERENCES:

  • Josselyn, J. 1672. New-England's rarities discovered. G. Widdowes, London, 114pp. [Reprinted by Wm. Veazie, Boston, 1865]
  • Josselyn, J. 1674. An account of two voyages to New England. G. Widdowes, London, 279pp. [Reprinted by Wm. Veazie, Boston, 1865]
  • Morton, T. 1637. New English Canaan or New Canaan. J.F. Stam, Amsterdam, 188pp. [Microfilmed by University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich., on reel 967 of the series "English Books, 1475-1640". Also reprinted in several editions]
  • Wood, W. 1634. New England's prospect. Tho. Cotes for J. Bellamie, London, 98pp. [Microfilmed by University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich., on reel 1162 of the series "English Books, 1475-1640". Also reprinted in several editions]

REGIONAL REFERENCES:

  • Allen, G.M. 1904. Fauna of New England. 3. List of the mammalia. Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 7:1-35.
  • Black, A.A. 1891. The land mammals of New England. A thesis for an advanced degree. Burleigh and Flynt, Printers to the state, Augusta, Me., 48pp.
  • DeGraaf, R.M., G.W. Witman, and D.D. Rudis. 1981. Forest habitat for mammals of the Northeast. U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Forest Service, n.p., 182pp.
  • Godin, A.J. 1977. Wild mammals of New England. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore, 304pp.
  • ______. 1981. Wild mammals of New England: field guide edition. DeLorme Publ. Co., Yarmouth, Me., 207pp.
  • Goodwin, G.G. 1936. Big game animals in the northeastern United States. J. Mamm. 17:48-50.
  • Grayce, R.C. 1957. Checklist of New England mammals. Bull. Mass. Audub. Soc. 41(1):15-24, 26.
  • Hamilton, W.J., Jr. 1943. The mammals of eastern United States. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, N.Y., 432pp. (2nd ed., Hamilton and J.O. Whitaker, 1979; 3rd ed., Whitaker and Hamilton, 1998)
  • Harper, F. 1929. New England's land mammals. Nature Mag. 13(5):311-314, 345.
  • Jordan, D.S. 1929. Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northeastern United States, inclusive of marine species. World Book Co., Yonkers-on-the Hudson, N.Y., 446pp.
  • Katona, S.K., V. Rough, and D.T. Richardson. 1993. A field guide to whales, porpoises, and seals from Cape Cod to Newfoundland (4th ed.) Smithsonian Press, Wash., D.C., 316pp.
  • Leatherwood, S., D.K. Caldwell, and H.E. Winn. 1976. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic: a guide to their identification. N.O.A.A. Tech. Rept. N.M.F.S. Circ. 396, 176pp.
  • Miller, G.S., Jr. 1900. Key to the land mammals of northeastern North America. Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 38(8):60-160
  • True, F.W. 1904. The whalebone whales of the western North Atlantic. Smithsonian Contrib. Knowl. 33:1-322. [Reprinted, 1983, Smithsonian Inst. Press]
  • Waters, J.H. and C.J. Rivard. 1962. Terrestrial and marine mammals of Massachusetts and other New England states. Published by the senior author, Standard-Modern Printing Co., Brockton, Mass., 151pp.

STATE REFERENCES:

  • Allen, J.A. 1869. Catalogue of the mammals of Massachusetts; with a critical review of the species (Cetacea). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 1:143-252.
  • Emmons, E. 1840. A report on the quadrupeds of Massachusetts. in Reports on the herbaceous plants and on the quadrupeds of Massachusetts. Folsom, Wells, and Thurston, Cambridge, 277+86pp.
  • Hitchcock, E. 1835. Catalogues of animals and plants. Pages 525-652 in A report on the geology, mineralogy, botany, and zoology of Massachusetts. J.S. & C. Adams, Amherst, Mass., 702pp.
  • Roth, C. 1978. An introduction to Massachusetts mammals. Mass. Audubon Society, Lincoln, 50pp.
  • Samuels, E.A. 1862. State cabinet. Pages 137-195 in Ninth Ann. Rept. Sec. Mass. State Board Agric., W. White, State Printer, Boston, 303pp.

COUNTY REFERENCES:

  • Andrews, J.C. and M.B. Epstein. 1980. Mammals of Nantucket county. Maria Mitchell Assoc., Nantucket [3]pp.
  • Bowditch, A.J. 1965. Terrestrial mammals of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, with special reference to Peromyscus. Smith College, Northampton, Mass., 64pp.
  • Brown, C.E. 1913. A pocket list of the mammals of eastern Massachusetts, with especial reference to Essex county. Peabody Acad. Science, Salem, Mass., 53pp.
  • Crane, J. 1931. Mammals of Hampshire county, Massachusetts. J. Mamm. 12:267-273.
  • Jones, G.S. and K. Driscoll. 1979. Inventory of the mammals of Martha's Vineyard. Felix Neck Nat. (1979):15-30.
  • Keith, A.R. 1969. The mammals of Martha's Vineyard. Dukes County Intelligencer 11(2):47-98.
  • Parker, H.C. 1938. The mammalian geography of Worcester county, Massachusetts. M.S. thesis, Clark Univ., Worcester, Mass., 77pp.
  • ______. 1939. A preliminary list of the mammals of Worcester county, Massachusetts. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 41:403-415.
  • Thompson, E.H. 1884. Worcester county mammals. Worcester Daily Spy, 6 May, page 6. [As of 1980, this newspaper had not been microfilmed and the bound set, very fragile, in the Worcester Public Library may be the only source for this reference]
  • Warfel, H.E. 1937. Notes on some mammals of western Massachusetts. J. Mamm. 18:82-85.
  • Wetherbee, D.K. 1945. The birds and mammals of Worcester county, Massachusetts. Century Press, Worcester, 192pp.
  • Zube, E.H. and C.A. Carlozzi, eds. 1966. Selected resources of the Island of Nantucket. An inventory and interpretation. Univ. Mass., Amherst, Coop. Ext. Serv., Publ. No. 4, 135pp.

LOCAL REFERENCES:

  • Anderson, K.S. n.d. Mammals. In Hockomock, wonder wetland. Mass. Audubon Society, Lincoln, [34]pp.
  • Caron, L.M. 1958. A study of the small mammal populations of three communities in the Amherst, Mass., region. M.A. thesis, Univ. Mass., 74pp.
  • Chase, H.B., Jr. 1972. Mammals of the Great Woods. Page 26 in The Great Woods. Mass. Audubon Society, Lincoln, 31pp.
  • Copeland, M. 1912. Notes on the mammals of Mt. Greylock, Massachusetts. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 25:157-162.
  • Hatt, R.T. 1930. Annotated list of the mammals. Pages 636-645 in The relations of mammals to the Harvard Forest. Roosevelt Wildl. Bull. 5(4):625-671.
  • Holt, D.W., R.C. Humphrey, and J.P. Lortie. 1987. The mammals of Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge. Cape Nat. 15:63-69.
  • Lawrence, B. and C.P. Lyman. 1974. List of mammals of eastern Massachusetts. Harvard Univ., Mus. Comp. Zool., Concord Field Sta., Guide to Res. No. 7, 23pp.
  • McDaniel, M.D. 1964. A small mammal survey on parts of Cadwell Memorial Forest in Pelham, Massachusetts. M.S. thesis, Univ. Mass., Amherst, 79pp.
  • Stone, C.E. 1937. Fifty years with the birds of Lunenburg, Mass. Annotated list. Mimeographed. 53pp. On file at Ritter Memorial Library, Lunenburg, Mass. [Despite the title, pages 47-53 are a list of the mammals of the area]
  • Sumner, F.B., R.C. Osburn, and L.J. Cole. 1911 [1913]. A biological survey of the waters of Woods Hole and vicinity. Section III. A catalogue of the marine fauna of Woods Hole and vicinity. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 31(2):547-860. [Mammalia, pages 780-782]