Exposure to Wells G and H in
Woburn, Massachusetts Peter J. Murphy, Ph.D. Consultant
Hydraulic Engineering
August 1990

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This contract was prepared in fulfillment of an agreement with the Massachusetts Health Research Institute, Inc. (MHRI).  This agreement is part of a Cooperative Agreement among the Federal Centers for Disease Control, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health, and MHRI to study the effects of enviornmental exposure to various chemicals on reproductive outcomes in Woburn.

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	 SUMMARY

In  May  of  1979,  the  Massachusetts  Department  of  Environmental  Quality  Engineering  (DEQE) discovered that Wells G and H, two public drinking water wells in Woburn, Massachusetts, were contaminated with toxic chemicals.  These wells were then shut off.

Subsequent studies of the health of the people of Woburn have indicated that the city had a higher level of childhood illness than would normally be expected.  Research is currently being undertaken to determine the rate of adverse reproductive outcomes within Woburn, and to test associations between these outcomes and exposure to environmental contaminants, including the water from Wells G and H during the periods of their operation.  This report presents the calculation of this exposure as a function both of roughly fifty hydraulically distinct neighborhoods within Woburn and of the 114 months of Wells’ G and H operation.

The method used to calculate this exposure to water from the wells begins with a computer model of the water distribution system that was developed by the author under a previous contract with DEQE.  This Woburn water distribution model was applied to the various pumping and water use configurations that occurred during each month that Wells G and H were in operation.  The results of these calculations were then individually analyzed with a hydraulic mixing model to calculate the mixture of water supplied to each neighborhood.  Finally, the resulting mixtures were combined in proportion to the period of their occurrence during each month to provide a monthly average exposure index for each neighborhood and each month.  These indices were also summed to determine the cumulative exposure.

The  validity  and  error  levels  of  the  distribution  and  mixing  models  were  analyzed  by  comparing computer predictions of fluoride concentration distributions in both San Jose, California and Woburn with concentrations measured during field tests.  The locations of the boundary between the zones with and without the fluoride tracer were predicted within one pipe junction of where they were observed.

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The  root-mean-square  differences  between  predicted  and  observed  dilutions  were  roughly  thirty percent.

The levels of exposure to water from Wells G and H were found to vary widely as is shown by Figures
10 – 15.  Typically the neighborhoods south and west of the center of the city, Main Street and Montvale Avenue, received no or very little water from Wells G and H.  The neighborhoods of east Woburn along and near Washington Street received water mostly from Wells G and H whenever those wells were pumping.  The mixture zone between the two water sources ran along, or just to the east of, Main Street.

I. Introduction

In May of 1979 the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering discovered that Wells G and H in Woburn, Massachusetts were contaminated with toxic chemicals.  These wells were shut off and have not been used for water supply since then, but they had been in service for 2995.5 days since their installation in 1964.  The rest of the city’s wells were not contaminated and continue in operation.  The Metropolitan District Commission supplied the water required to replace the water that had been supplied by the two wells.

Various studies (7,8,9) of the health of the people of Woburn indicate that part of the city had a higher incidence  of  certain  childhood  illnesses,  including  lymphocytic  leukemia,  than  would  normally  be expected.    The  affected  part  of  Woburn  roughly  coincided  with  the  area  served  by  the  two contaminated wells.  The water distribution system of Woburn was analyzed by Helen A. Waldorf and Robert K. Cleary of the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission.  Based on their
1984 report (10), a 1986 journal article (2) by Lagakos, Wessen, and Zelen has reported that the rates of childhood illness have “a statistically significant positive association” with the use of water from the two contaminated wells.  A second water distribution analysis (3), made by the author to evaluate and complement the study of Waldorf and Cleary, concurred with their overall assessment.

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At present the Centers for Disease Control, the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) and the Massachusetts Health Research Institute (MHRI) are jointly working under a Cooperative Agreement to test statistical  correlations between environmental exposure to various chemicals and reproductive outcomes in Woburn.  Various media (air, water, soil) in Woburn are known to be contaminated, and so exposure through all these media will be examined as part of this Cooperative Agreement.  The water from Wells G and H is one pathway of this exposure.  Thus the calculation of the degree of exposure to contaminated water from Wells G and H is needed for this study.  The Massachusetts Health Research Institute has contracted with the author for the performance of that work.  This report presents the computer model of exposure to water from Wells G and H.

The ideal description of exposure to water from Wells G and H is the determination of the concentration history of each of the various hazardous chemicals in the water delivered to each residence during the active lifetime of the wells.  First, the history of the concentration of each chemical at the two wells must be described.  Although hydrogeologic investigations and groundwater quality evaluations (1,6) have determined some characteristics of the groundwater contaminant plumes that supplied water to Wells G and  H,  the  wells’  chemical  history  data  are  limited.    The  only  measurements  of  contaminant concentrations of the well water were those leading to the shutdown of the wells.  This report does not address this issue, but rather assumes that the wells were contaminated whenever they were pumping. The second part of the exposure description is the determination of the history of the distribution of the water from Wells G and H to describe the amount of that water used by every residence in Woburn. This report presents a study of G and H exposure using the author’s water distribution model to calculate exposure in greater detail than was presented in the author’s previous report (3).

That report, “Water Distribution in Woburn, Massachusetts,” only presented flow patterns during twelve characteristic months, with each pattern dividing Woburn into three zones: Zone A with no G and H Water, Zone B with G and H water, and Zone C with some mixture of G and H water and water from the other wells.  In the present study the author’s water distribution models for the 1964 – 1969 pipe network and the 1970 – 1979 pipe network are applied as before to obtain water distributions for

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each month of the exposure period.  An additional computer program, which accounts for the mixing of water from Wells G and H and the other Woburn wells during each month, is used to calculate an
“exposure index” for over fifty hydraulically different neighborhoods within Woburn.  This exposure index is the product of the fraction of the month when any contaminated water reached a particular neighborhood  and,  during  that  period  of  the  month,  the  fraction  of  the  water  delivered  to  that neighborhood which came from the contaminated wells.  For example if, during half of June, one third of the water at node 40 came from Wells G and H, then the exposure index at node 40 for June would be one sixth.

Since this report is founded on the author’s previous report, that report is referenced often herein. Readers interested in the details of the water distribution model are referred to that report (3).

II. Review of Woburn Water Distribution Model

In general the Woburn water supply system takes water pumped from the ground at the City’s wells and delivers it through a pipe network to the residential and business consumers of water.  In order to deliver the amounts of water needed by the consumers, the system’s operators use pump control valves and water storage tanks and reservoirs to regulate the water distribution.  This section of the report describes this water supply system through the use of computer models.  Since this study is founded on the author’s previous report, “Water Distribution in Woburn, Massachusetts,” that report is referenced often herein.  Readers interested in the details of the water distribution model are referred to that report

(3).

IIa. Woburn Water System Data
During the 1964 – 1979 period when Wells G and H were in service, the Woburn water pipe network changed very little.  In 1970, however, some growth occurred in northeast Woburn and so two separate computer models of the pipe network were needed, one for the 1964-1969 period and one for  the  1970-1979  period.    Each  model  is  a  simplified  description  of  the  pipe  network.    The

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simplification of the networks was done to reduce the computer time needed for the analysis.  Figures 1

and 2 show these simplified pipe networks.

The principal simplification of the pipe networks was the elimination of pipes that were not part of pipe loops.  The users’ water demands of the omitted  “dead end” pipes were assumed to occur at the nearest  pipe  junction  (node)  of  the  remaining  “looped”  pipes.    A  second  simplification  was  the elimination of small pipes whose carrying capacity was less than one-hundredth of that of larger pipes connecting the same pipe junctions.  Finally, equivalent lengths of pipe were used to simplify cases where two different diameters were found between junctions and also where a number of small pipes were located in parallel.  These simplifications did not appreciably change the results of the computer analysis, and they did significantly reduce the computer time used in finding the water distributions.

The data needed to present the principal water pipes as input for the computer models are given mainly in Table 1.  This table gives a detailed list of these pipes’ ages, types, dimensions, locations, and interconnections.  While this list was well documented (3), the hydraulic roughness of the pipes was not.
 Therefore data (3) from 1983 pressure tests and fire hydrants, done for the ISO Commercial Risk Services Company, were used to “adjust” the pipe roughness values.  This adjustment was a part of the calibration process of the computer models.  That process is explained later in section IIb of the report.

The City of Woburn does not have water meters for all its water consumers and did not preserve the
1964 – 1979 readings of the meters it did use.  Residences are charged a fixed annual fee for water, while large commercial and industrial users have meters that are read twice each year.  Meter readings in 1984 accounted for 21 percent of the water supplied.  In order to estimate the residential water use, an average water consumption of 370 gallons per day per residence was combined with the addresses of the residential consumers.  Although there was some evidence (3) of significant leakage flows, because of their uncertain location no attempt was made to include the spatial distribution of leakage in modeling the user demand distribution.  Thus the water bills of 1984 were used to prepare a street by street distribution of water consumption.  This distribution was then simplified  by subdividing Woburn

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into nearly fifty user demand areas with each corresponding to a representative water supply pipe junction (node) in its area.  The boundary between two user areas was placed in the middle of the pipe connecting the two neighboring pipe junctions.  Thus each user’s residence was roughly assigned to the pipe junction from which its water came.  Table 2 gives the street list for each user area and Figure 3 relates the user demand areas to the pipe network and the principal streets of Woburn.  The locations of wells, reservoirs, and non-residential pipe junctions are other nodes which are also shown in this figure.

Although  Table  2  is  the  principal  description  of  the  user  demand  areas,  the  study  of  adverse reproductive outcomes will locate residences in Woburn through geocodes, a numerical system of geographic  location.    Such  numerical  systems  also  permit  computer  graphics  presentation  of  the exposure results.  Since the following coding of the user demand areas is only approximate, the street lists of Table 2 should be used to determine the demand area of any particular residence.

The author has obtained through the University of Massachusetts Computing Center the numeric codes assigned by the U.S. Census Bureau to describe Woburn.  In general these codes are composed of polygons (multi-sided geometric areas) representing the shapes of the states, counties, towns, and Census tracts.  These geometric data are presented in the Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) format in Tables 3 and 4.  This DIME format is commonly used for cartographic data files.  Each data line in the tables describes a straight-line segment of the boundary between two areas identified by state, county, town, and Census tract.  In this system Massachusetts is 25, Middlesex County is 017, and Woburn is 270, and these are assigned here as a part of the numeric codes for each line in the maps of the user demand areas.  The usual Census tract codes have been replaced by user demand area codes.
 (Note that, because of the input format of the graphics program, 100 has been added to the number of the user demand areas in Figure 3 in order to form the geocodes for these areas.)  The straight-line segments of the boundaries between the user demand areas are defined in the tables by the coordinates of their endpoints.  The vertical (North-South) coordinate of each point is its latitude in degrees and ten- thousandths of a degree.  The corresponding horizontal (East-West) coordinate is a modified longitude in degrees and ten-thousandths of a degree.  The longitude modification is a change of reference site

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from  Greenwich,  England  to  somewhere  in  Iceland.    Figures  4  and  5  are  computer  graphic representations of these DIME format maps of the 1964 – 1969 and 1970 – 1979 user demand areas.
 The exposure results presented graphically later in this report are superimposed on these base maps of the user demand areas.

An example of description of the straight-line segments of the boundaries between user demand areas is given by the following explanation of the first line in Table 3.  The first demand area is identified by the state, county, city, and demand area values as “25 17270 101.”  Next along the line, the second user demand area values as “025 17270 103.”  The two endpoints of the line segment are identified by the coordinates described above, given in the next position along the line by the two pairs of values,
“424535 533884” and “424612 53382.”  The rest of the line gives two identifiers which were chosen by the author to be zero and a line counter.  The first six lines of Table 3, taken together, describe the entire boundary of the first user demand area.  That area is shown as # 1 in Figure 3 and as area # 101 in Figures 4 and 5.

In addition to water pipes and consumers, there are also reservoirs and pumps in the Woburn water distribution system.  While the pipes are full of water except for the rare occasions when there is a local pipe failure, the storage reservoir have regular emptying and filling cycles.  This cyclic variation of the reservoirs’ water elevations is due to the nature of the user demand.  The people of Woburn use less water at night since most of them are asleep and they use more water in the morning when they bathe and wash clothes.  Industrial demand is also heaviest during the day.  An examination of the water level records for the reservoirs show that the maximum and minimum water demands are roughly 20 percent above and below the daily average demand, and that the maximum, average, and minimum demand periods are roughly of equal duration.  These cyclic variations were well documented were well documented by the water level records (3) of the reservoirs and are included in the computer models by applying the distribution model to the maximum, average, and minimum demand conditions and then averaging the resulting exposures.

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During the 1964 – 1979 period, there were eight well pumps and two significant booster pumps in the Woburn water system.  As Figure 1 shows, Wells A2, B, C2, and D are clustered near the Horn Pond Reservoir.  Well F is located along the pipe that passes west of Horn Pond.  Well E is on Lexington Street just east of Cambridge Road.  Wells G and H are off Salem Street near Washington Street, in east Woburn.   The Horn Pond wells were controlled by throttle valves so that the pump operators could get the desired flow rates, while these wells’ operating pressure was set by the nearby Horn Pond reservoir.  Therefore the Horn Pond pumps were characterized simply by their flowrate.  The other pumps were defined by their characteristic curves which were given in the previous report (3).  All of these pumps were metered, thereby providing the data needed to document their pumping histories.

The pumping history of the 1964 – 1979 period was developed by examining the daily pumping records for all days when either wells G or H were pumping.  The number of days each month that wells E, G, and H worked in their various combinations were calculated based on the hours pumped during each day of that month.  Well E was included since the status of well E caused significant differences in the flow pattern in the water system.  The individual pumping histories of the other wells did not affect the resulting distribution patterns due to their proximity to the Horn Pond reservoir.  Pumping rates for each month were calculated from the volume of water and hours pumped.  The monthly average flow rate of the Horn Pond well group, A2, B, C2, D, and well F was also calculated for each month.  Finally, the total monthly water supply and the percentage of that supply that came from wells G and H were determined from the daily pumping records.  This pumping history data is given in Table 5.

IIb. Computer Models of the Water Distribution
The analysis of a water distribution system is done by applying the basic principles of the conservation of the mass and energy to the water flowing through the system.  The mass conservation principle is applied by assuming that the pipes do not leak along their lengths and that the water users take their water out of the system only at the pipe junctions.  Water enters the system at the nodes corresponding to the wells and reservoirs.  Thus the net flow rate into each user demand node must equal the user demand, Qd, of that pipe junction.  In most analyses the user demands are known and the flow rates,

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QI, in the pipes connected to each demand node are the unknowns to be determined by the analysis. Mass conservation for each demand area is given by an equation of the form,

Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = Qd.                                                                                         (1)

The energy conservation principal is expressed in terms of height, usually referred to as “head.” Potential energy is described by the elevation, Z, of the centerline of the pipe above mean sea level. The kinetic energy per unit weight is given by the square of the flow velocity divided by twice the acceleration of gravity, V2/2g.  The pressure energy per unit weight is given by P/gamma, where P is the pressure and gamma is the specific weight of the water.  All these three kinds of energy are combined to form H, the “total head” or mechanical energy per unit weight by the equation,

H = Z + V2/2g + P/gamma.                                                                              (2)

The energy principal is applied to all the pipes of the network by requiring that the energy lost to friction, hL, is the same as the energy differences between the junctions at the upstream and downstream ends of each pipe, as shown by equations of the form,

hL = H1 – H2.                                                                                                    (3)

This energy lost to friction can be calculated with one of the various empirical formulas that relate the loss to the flow rate through the pipe, the length and diameter of the pipe, and the roughness of the inner wall of the pipe.  The formula used here is the Hazen-Williams equation,

hL = 4.73 L Qn (Cn Dm ),                                                                                  (4)

where L is the length of the pipe, D is the diameter of the pipe, n is 1.852, and m is 4.87.
A corresponding energy analysis describes how the well pumps and reservoirs supply the total head that drives the water into the pipe network.

The result is a large number of linear and non-linear equations which must be organized and solved to determine  the  flow  rates  through  each  pipe  and  the  total  head  at  each  pipe  junction.    Table  6 summarizes the variables needed for this analysis and gives typical values and error levels for the data

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used in this study.  The two mathematical methods commonly used to do this are the successive linear approximation  method  and  the  Newton-Raphson  Method.    More  detail  on  the  theory  of  water distribution system analysis can be found in elementary fluid mechanics textbooks and in  Analysis of

Flow in Pipe Networks by Roland W. Jeppson (4).

The  computer  program  used  for  the  analysis  of  the  Woburn  water  distribution  system  is  called NETWK.  It was developed by Professor Roland W. Jeppson of Utah State University in association with the consulting engineering firm, CH2M-Hill of Corvallis, Oregon.  The  program is used by the author under a license from that firm.

The computer modeling of the water system began with a 1983-4 calibration process, comparing the
1984 model with a set of 1983 ISO data and other data for the water system on the day of those ISO field tests (3).  The initial model had a total user demand of 4,000 gallons per minute and the same roughness coefficient, C – 80, for every pipe.  This initial model was used to calculate the flow pattern in the water system, and then a comparison between the supply and demand flows of this computer model and the 1984 flow calibration data was made.  The 1984 user demand estimate totaled only 4,000 gpm while the 1983 supply from the city’s wells and the MDC, combined with reservoir outflow, gave a total supply of 5,600 gpm.  This excess supply indicated that an “adjustment” should be made through the use of a scaling factor, 1.4, for the total water demand.  A second adjustment was made by comparing the total head (potential energy per unit weight) of the computer model with the total head calculated from the substantial data set of fire hydrant pressures supplied by the ISO Commercial Risk Services Company.  This adjustment changed the pipe roughness C values to a set of C values which varied from
40 for some older pipes to 120 for the newer ones.  The error level of this ISO calibration process is obtained by comparing the total head distribution of the ISO measurements with that of the computer model after all the “adjustments” to user demand and pipe roughness were made.  The average head difference of 28 data points and model values for total head was 0.9 feet, while the root-mean-square head difference was 6.2 feet.

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The computer model of the 1983 – 1984 water system was field tested in 1985 to determine its validity and accuracy (3).  Two different model predictions were checked, 1) the pressure distribution near Salem and Washington streets when a hydrant near that intersection was flowing and, 2) the pressure and fluoride distributions throughout Woburn when no fire hydrants were flowing.  An assumption of the computer predictions was that the operation of the water system on the day of the field test would be typical of normal operation, but such was not the case.  Therefore a re-prediction was made to correspond to that day’s unusual operating conditions.  Good agreement was found between the 16 field measurements and the computer model re-prediction.  The error levels of the total heads have a mean value of 0.1 foot and a root-mean-square value of 7.5 feet.  More details of the pressure validation analysis  is available in the previous report (3).  The fluoride distribution prediction and measurements are more descriptive of the distribution of water from Wells G and H.  This fluoride validation is discussed further in the next section of this report.

The 1983 – 1985 water distribution model was next modified to produce models of the water system during the two periods, 1964 – 1969 and 1970 – 1979, when the contaminated wells were in service. User demand areas and pipes were deleted or changed to reflect the history of the development of the city.  These changes had a large effect on the northeast section of Woburn but not on the overall water supply system.  The 1970 –1979 model was compared to ISO hydrant data from the years 1970,
1972, 1974, and 1975 to check the validity of the modified model (3).  Similarly, the 1964 – 1969 model was compared to ISO data from 1965 and 1969.  The mean pressure differences shown by these comparisons were small, 3.6 feet for 1970 – 1979 and 3.1 feet for 1964 – 1969, as was the root-mean-square value of 9.5 feet for 1970 – 1979, but the root-mean-square value of 16.3 feet for
1964 – 1969 was high.  Since the operating conditions during these tests were unknown, corrective action lacked direction and so no changes were made.

The report (3), “Water Distribution in Woburn, Massachusetts,” presented the application of the computer models reviewed in this section to produce thirty-six exemplary flow patterns.  Eighteen patterns showed water distributions with well E on and eighteen with it off.  Each group was made up of

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flows for maximum, average, and minimum percentages of flow from wells G and H, for maximum, average, and minimum values of daily user demand, and for both the 1964 – 1969 and 1970 – 1979 periods.  That report did not include the calculation of the mixing which occurred at some pipe junctions but simply divided Woburn into three zones for each flow pattern: Zone A with no G or H water, Zone B with G and H water, and Zone C with some undetermined mixture of G and H water and water from the other wells.  In sections III and IV of this report, the determination of the Zone C mixing is considered.

III. Wells G and H Exposure Model and its Validity

The computer program for the mixing of the water from wells G and H was first developed and used by the author as a part of the effort for a report (5), “The Great Oaks Water Distribution Study,” prepared for the California Department of Health Services.  This study of the Great Oaks Water Company’s pipe network, wells and user demand areas followed the method of the previous Woburn study (3) by applying the NETWK computer program to analyze the flow patterns in that water district.  The output of the NETWK water distribution program determined the flow rate in each pipe of the water system. Then the author’s computer program for the mixing process was applied to these flow patterns.

The analysis of the contaminant movement and mixing in the water distribution is done by applying the principle of mass conservation to the mass of pollutant in the water system.  The mixing process was applied to these flow patterns by assuming that the pipes’ flow rates were not changed by the addition of small amounts of dissolved contaminants to the water.  The pollutants were assumed to move through the pipes with the water without changing their concentrations, and at each pipe junction the inflows were assumed to mix completely due to the turbulent nature of the pipe flow.  The mass conservation equation for this mixing at junctions has the form,

P1 Q1 + P2 Q2  = P3 (Q3 + Qd),                                                                        (5)

where P denotes the pollutant concentration, pipes 1 and 2 are inflow pipes to the junction, and pipe 3

is an outflow pipe from the junction.  The consumers of water in each user demand area were assumed

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to get the mixed water of that node and all the outflow pipes from those pipe junctions were assumed to carry the mixed water to the farther points of the pipe network.

The spread of water from a particular well is determined by setting P =1.0 for that water source and P
= 0.0 for the other sources.  Then the computer program sequentially examines the inflows to the nodes downstream from the sources and applies equation 5 to calculate the outflow concentration from those nodes, going from node to node until all the user demand areas are analyzed.

In the present Woburn study, the pollutant mass conservation principle and these same assumptions are applied through the same computer program for the mixing process.  Before looking at more details of the exposure calculations that apply the NETWK and mixing programs to the 1964 – 1979 distributions of water from Wells G and H, the field tests of the two previous studies are now examined to provide some insight into the validity and accuracy of these calculations.

IIIa. Great Oaks Validation Tests
In the Great Oaks study (5), the water distribution and mixing models were checked by using the models to predict the spatial distribution of the fluoride concentration that would result if fluoride with P
= 2.00 parts per million were injected at Well 16, shown as GO 16 in Figure 6, and allowed to spread throughout the Great Oaks pipe network.  This figure shows the predicted values of the fluoride levels based on the actual test’s injection concentration of 1.51 ppm, and Table 6 shows both the original fluoride prediction and the prediction modified by scaling to the actual 1.51 ppm concentration.  A field test of the prediction was then made by injecting fluoride at Well 16 and measuring the fluoride distribution that resulted.  These fluoride concentrations are given in Figure 7 and also in Table 7.

While both the model and the field test had inaccuracies described in the Great Oaks report, it was clear that the computer models located the boundary between the Well 16 water and the water from the other wells improperly by one node at a few key locations.  An error analysis of the predicted and observed concentrations given at the bottom of Table 7 shows a mean error of 0.03 ppm and a root-

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mean-square error level of 0.31.  The large rms value is due to a few points near the Well 16 water’s boundary with large errors.  The error bands given in Table 7 show that 64 percent of the predictions were within 0.2 of the measured concentrations.

IIIb. Woburn Validation Study
In the previous Woburn water distribution study (3), a field test of the predicted pattern of fluoride concentrations was only compared qualitatively with the computer model’s prediction.  At that time mixing analysis was not included in the fluoride calculations.  During this study the fluoride concentration prediction is re-examined by doing that mixing analysis.  The 1985 fluoride source was the MDC connection on Montvale Avenue in east Woburn.  Its fluoride concentration was 1.07 ppm while the other sources of water, Woburn’s wells, had only 0.07 ppm.

The qualitative comparison of the prediction, Figure 8, and the field test results, Figure 9, shows that both divide Woburn into three zones, an east Woburn zone with MDC water (1.07 ppm), a southwest Woburn zone with water from the Woburn wells (0.07 ppm) and a northwest zone with a mixture of water from both sources.  The prediction indicates that the boundary between the first two zones is located one node east of Main Street except at Mishawum Road and Eaton Street.  The field test indicated that this boundary was along Main Street.  A similar one node difference in location occurred between the MDC water and the mixed water in north Woburn.

The predicted and observed (two labs) values of the fluoride concentrations are also compared in Table

8.  This time the mean error was 0.07 ppm and the rms error was 0.29 ppm.  The error bands in Table
8 show that 72 percent of the predictions were within 0.2 of the observed values.  These values and the other statistical analysis shown in Table 8 indicate an accuracy level nearly equal to that given by the Great Oaks validation.

Taken together the two field tests using the fluoride tracer demonstrate that the water distribution and mixing models can predict the location of the boundaries of the area receiving water from Wells G and

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H within one node.  The models can predict mixture concentrations with an average error within ten percent of the maximum concentration and a root-mean-scare error within thirty percent of that level. Large errors (100%) in the mixture concentrations occur at a few points near the fluoride boundary due to one node errors in locating the pipe junctions where mixing occurs, but nearly seventy percent of the predictions are within twenty percent of the measurements.

IIIc. Well G and H Exposure Study
In the present study of the exposure to water from Wells G and H, the existing water distribution models for the periods 1964 – 1969 and 1970 – 1979 are applied to obtain typical water distribution patterns for each month when the wells were pumping.  The mixing program is applied to each pattern to calculate  the  fraction  of  the  water  supplied  to  each  user  demand  area  which  came  from  the contaminated wells.

As was shown in the previous Woburn report (3),  the flow patterns are not affected by different combinations of wells near Horn Pond, but different flow patterns are produced when Well E is on and when it is off.  A typical month has periods with Well E on or off and also has three peaking factors
(1.2, 1.0, 0.8) accounting for the maximum, average, and minimum water demands of the daily water- use-cycle.  The monthly analysis must therefore account for each of these six conditions and requires six water distribution calculations and six applications of the mixing program.  A small computer program was developed during this study to combine the six resulting mixtures for each month in proportion to their duration.

The result is an exposure index assigned to each user demand area during the months of the two exposure periods, 1964 – 1969 and 1970 – 1979, when the G and H wells were in operation.  That

exposure index is the product of the fraction of the time during the month when any contaminated water

from Wells G and H reached the user area and the fraction of the water supplied to that user area which

came from the contaminated wells.  The units of this exposure index are months, with a maximum value

of one month occurring if Well G is on all month and if the user demand area was supplied with Well

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G’s water during the entire month.  Since this method of calculation of Well G and H exposure is the same as that applied to the fluoride mixing prediction, the resulting exposure indices should have the level of accuracy indicated by the fluoride field tests.

During some months, for example August and September of 1967, the six distributions needed for different peaking factors and Well E status were not enough.  In these months, when Wells G and H were operated in different combinations, separate calculations were done for each combination and then either twelve or eighteen different results were combined to produce the monthly average exposure indices of those months.

Table 9 shows the monthly averaging process for May 1979 as an example of the combination process for the six distribution cases.  The pumping conditions given in Table 5 and at the top of Table 9 show the fractions of this month that Wells E, G, and H were operating.  Wells G and H  were operating during 70 percent of the month.  Well E was on all month.  The six columns on the right in Table 9 give the fraction of the water that came from the contaminated wells during the parts of the month when the average, maximum, and minimum water demands occurred with Well E off or on.  Since Well E was on all month, the monthly exposure is the average of the three exposures for the different peaking factors with Well E on, multiplied by 0.70.  The column labeled EXPINDX presents the resulting monthly average exposure index for each user demand area for the month.  The maximum index, 0.70 months, is found in the areas of east Woburn.  An example of a smaller average exposure index, that for node 32, is given by the calculation,

(0.70) (0.124 + 0.067 + 0.180) / 3 = 0.087                                                     (6)

IV.       Exposure and Cumulative Exposure Results

The water distribution and mixing models were used to calculate the exposure indices for all the months when Wells G and H were pumping.  The spatial patterns of the exposure distributions are difficult to understand from a list of the exposure values, and so Figures 10, 11, and 12 are presented to show the

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patterns typical of medium, broad, and small areas of exposure to water from Wells G and H during the
1964 – 1969 period.  The exposure index values for 1964 – 1969 are given in Table 10.  The initial results indicated that street lists of the previous report (3) for user demand areas 33 and 34 were incorrect and so these areas were changed to reflect the initial flow pattern.

In Figure 10 the geocode description of the user demand areas is the base upon which the exposure index results are presented.  Different densities of cross-hatching show six ranges of values of this exposure  and  the  areas  without  any  cross-hatching  give  a  seventh.    The  densities  increase  with increasing exposure.  The five main exposure ranges are roughly equal in size, 0.20 months, and they give the high exposure pattern.  In addition, two smaller ranges present an order of magnitude estimate of a trace range (0.010 to 0.001 months) and a near zero range (no cross-hatching).  The exposures shown are those of June 1966, a month whose exposure pattern is typical of the median of the 1964 –
1969 period.  The areas of east Woburn along Washington Street and just to the west of that street received G and H water nearly all that month.  The areas of southwest Woburn received no G and H water and a band of user demand areas near Main Street received various mixtures of the G and H water and water from the Horn Pond wells.

A broad area of exposure is shown by the exposure pattern of October, 1967 (Figure 11).  It is typical of the largest spread of the water from Wells G and H.  During this month the mixture areas near Main Street received a higher fraction of their water from Wells G and H, and trace amounts of G and H water even reached the extreme southwest corner of Woburn.  Only a small zone around Horn Pond was unaffected by the water from those two wells.

A small area of exposure is given by the exposure pattern of  June, 1969.  Thus Figure 12 is typical of the minimum spread of G and H water during the 1964 – 1969 period.  During that June both the high exposure zone and the mixture zone were limited to the demand areas east of Main Street.  Water from Wells G and H did not reach northwest Woburn during this month.

18

The spatial patterns of the exposure distributions of the 1970 – 1979 period are illustrated by Figures
13,14, and 15.  These figures show patterns typical of medium, broad, and small areas of exposure to water from Wells G and H during that period.  The exposure index values for 1970 – 1979 are given in Table 11.  The water distribution model changed in 1970 due to the development of new housing, commerce, and industry, largely in northeast Woburn.  This change increased the water demand in that part of the city and so decreased the spread of the G and H water to the rest of Woburn.  This effect caused the main difference between the results of the periods 1964 – 1969 and 1970 – 1979.

The exposure pattern of March, 1979 is shown in Figure 13.  Its medium exposure area is typical of the
1970 – 1979 period.  The areas of east Woburn along Washington Street and just to the west of that street received G and H water nearly all that month.  As in Figure 10, areas of southwest Woburn received no G and H water and a band of demand areas near Main Street received various mixtures of the G and H water and water from the Horn Pond wells.  This pattern is quite similar to that of Figure

10.

Figure 14 presents the broad exposure pattern of the month of  October, 1974.  It is typical of the maximum spread of the water from Wells G and H during 1970 – 1979.  While it is similar to the maximum pattern for 1964 – 1969, shown by Figure 11, in Figure 14 the trace amounts of G and H water do not reach into southwest Woburn.

The smallest zone of exposure for both the 1964 – 1969 and 1970 – 1979 periods is shown in Figure
15.   That figure gives the exposure pattern for October, 1976.  It shows peak exposures only in the areas along Washington Street that are near Salem and Montvale Avenues. During this month the mixing zone reaches both the northern and southern ends of Washington Street, and the zone free of exposure extends well to the east of Main Street.

The cumulative exposure for every month when Wells G or H were pumping was also calculated.  This was done by adding the exposure index for each month to the cumulative exposure of the previous

19

month whenever Wells G or H  were in operation.  The resulting sum is the number of months of exposure prior to the end of the month whose cumulative exposure is being calculated.
The month of October, 1964 was special since as the first month it had no antecedent.  In its case the cumulative exposure and the exposure index are equal.  These results are presented in Tables 12 and
13.  The cumulative exposure for the many months when neither Well G nor Well H was pumping is not listed in these tables since the cumulative exposure for any of those months is the same as that of the previous month in the tables.

Since the goal of this study is to examine the rate of adverse reproductive outcomes as a function of exposure to water from Wells G and H, some examples of the use of Tables 10, 11, 12, and 13 are included here.  Assuming that a nine-month pregnancy began November 1, 1964 and ended July 31,

1965 and that the mother lived in user demand area (node) 66, Table 10 gives exposures of 0.47 and
0.50 months for the first two months of the pregnancy and zero (G and H both off) for the next seven months.  Table 12 gives a cumulative exposure for the mother of 1.51 months, but also indicates (by subtraction) a cumulative exposure during the pregnancy of 0.97.  If a five-month pregnancy of a mother living in node area 35 began March 1, 1976 and ended July 31, 1976, then the exposure values (Table
11) were 0.42, 0, 0, 0.61, and 0.97 months, while the cumulative exposure is 2.00 months.  Finally, if a mother lived in user demand area 58 all her life and had children after 1981, then her cumulative exposure (Table 13) before her pregnancies was 64.08 months.

V.        Conclusion

The purpose of this study of exposure to the water from Wells G and H in Woburn, Massachusetts is to describe when and where that water was delivered to the residences of Woburn.  This result will then be  compared  with  occurrences  of  selected  adverse  reproductive  outcomes  through  the  Health Outcomes Study.

20

Tables 10 and 11 report the principal results of this study.  The water pipe network of the 1964 – 1969 period of operation of Wells G and H was used to divide the city into 52 hydraulically distinct neighborhoods, and the pipes of the 1970 – 1979 period were used to give 54 such neighborhoods. Since the wells pumped during 44 months of the 1960’s period, Table 10 is a matrix of numbers between zero and one that indicate the fraction of the water, supplied to each user area, which came from Wells G and H during each of the 44 months.  Table 11 presents this exposure index for the 54 user areas during the 70 months of the 1970 – 1979 period.  These matrices demonstrate that areas 11,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30 and 31 did not receive a significant amount (0.01) during any month.  At the other end of the exposure range, areas 39, 42, and 44 received all their water from Wells G and H whenever either of those wells was operating.

The accuracy of these exposure results was estimated by examining both the fluoride  field test results and the ISO fire hydrant comparisons of total head data and computer model calculations.  The fluoride tests show that the computer models for present-day water systems can only locate the fluoride boundary within a spatial error of one node, and so predicting the mixture concentrations in the user areas along that narrow boundary is a difficult task.  Tables 7 and 8 indicate that the fluoride predictions had a root-mean-square error level of 30 percent due mainly to a few large errors near the boundary between the zones supplied by the two sources.  This indicates that the exposure index values do not have the two significant digits reported in Tables 10 and 11, and that the trace levels shown in Figures
10 – 15 are only roughly valid.  Further, the ISO comparisons in Section IIb demonstrate that the lack of historical data increases the differences between the computer model results and the actual field measurements.

However, even with this high error level, the low mean error and the error band analysis indicate that on average there is a connection between the models’ predictions and the field observations.  It is the author’s opinion that a good estimate of the error level of the models is twenty to thirty percent.  Thus the mixture region should only be divided into three sub-regions: 0.0 – 0.33, 0.34 – 0.67, 0.68 – 1.00.

21

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.         Ecology and Environment, Inc., “Evaluation of the Hydrogeology and Groundwater Quality of
East and North Woburn, Massachusetts,” Final Report, Technical Directive Document FI-
8109-02, 1982.

2.         Lagakos SW, Wessen BJ, and Zenlen M.  “An Analysis of Contaminated Wellwater and
Health Effects in Woburn, Massachusetts.”  JASA, Vol. 81, No.78J, pp.583-614, 1986.

3.         Murphy PJ.  “Water Distribution in Woburn, Massachusetts.”  Environmental Institute No. 86-
1, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1986.

4.         Jeppson RW.  Analysis of Flow in Pipe Networks, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1976.

5.         Murphy PJ.  “The Great Oaks Water Distribution Study.”  Amherst, Massachusetts, 1988.

6.         NUS  Corporation.    “Wells  G  and  H  Site  Remedial  Investigation  Report.”  Woburn, Massachusetts, 1986.

7.         Parker GS and Rosen SL.  “Woburn: Cancer Incidence and Environmental Hazards, 1969 –
1978.”  Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 1981.

8.         Public  Health  Service.    “Cancer  in  Woburn,  Massachusetts.”    EPI-80-37-2,  Centers  for
Disease Control, 1981.

9.         Telles  NC.    “Cancer  Mortality  in  Woburn  –  A  Three-Decade  Study  (1949-1978).” Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 1981.

10.       Waldorf H, and Cleary R.  “Water Distribution System, Woburn, Massachusetts, 1964-1979.”
 New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Boston, Massachusetts, 1984.

22

NOTE:
The Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment was unable to make the following figures and tables available via the internet.
Please call (617) 624-5757 to request photocopies of the original documents.

Figure 1: 1964-1969 Pipe network with pipe numbers and diameters Figure 2: 1970-1979 Pipe network with pipe numbers and diameters Figure 3: 1984 User Demand Areas
Figure 4: 1964-1969 User Demand Areas by Geocodes Figure 5: 1970-1979 User Demand Areas by Geocodes Figure 6: San Jose Fluoride Prediction- PPM
Figure 7: San Jose Fluoride Measurements- PPM Figure 8: Woburn Fluoride Re-prediction- PPM Figure 9: Woburn Fluoride Measurements- PPM
Figure 10: Typical Exposure Area of 1964-69: June, 1966
Figure 11: Large Exposure Area of 1964-69; October, 1969
Figure 12: Small Exposure Area of 1964-69: June, 1969
Figure 13: Typical Exposure Area of 1970-79: March, 1979
Figure 14: Large Exposure Area of 1970-79: October, 1974
Figure 15: Small Exposure Area of 1970-79: October, 1976

Table 3: 1964-1969 User Demand Areas by Geocodes
Table 4: 1970-1979 User Demand Areas by Geocodes
Table 5: Well Use and Pumping Rates and Total User Demand
Table 7: Great Oaks Flouride Validation Results Table 8: Woburn Fluoride Validation Results Table 9: Monthly Averaging Process
Table 10: 1964-1969 Exposure Index
Table 11: 1970-1979 Exposure Index
Table 12: 1964-1969 Cumulative Exposure Index
Table 13: 1970-1979 Cumulative Exposure Index

23

TABLE 1
1985 PRINCIPAL WATER PIPES IN WOBURN, MASSACHUSETTS

Street(s)                        Lengt h
(ft.)

Diam.
(in.)

Type *      Date
Built

Age in
1985(yrs.
)

Pipe
No.

From
Node

To
Node

Russel and Liana                                4200               6          CI     1915                70          1             4             1
Lexington, Maura and Samoset          5200             10          CI     1963                22          2             3             1
Lexington & Waltham                        3700             12          CI     1959                26          3             4             3
Waltham & Zion Hill                            700             10          CI     1959                26          4             3             2

Cambridge, Revere, and
Whispering Hill
Booster Pump at Cambridge and
Russell
Cambridge from Lexington to
Bedford
Bedford from Cambridge to S. Bedford
Lexington from Cambridge to
Well E

4600             12        AC      1962                23          5             4             5

400             12          CI     1959                26          6             6             4

4800               6          CI     1921                64          7             7             6

2800             10          CI     1921                64          8             8             7

3000               6          CI     1913                72          9             9             6

Garden and South Bedford                 4500             12          CI   1919/
38

66/47        10             9             8

Well E Connector                                800             12          CI     1937                48        11           10             9

Lexington from Well E to
Woburn Pkwy.

2600               6          CI     1913                72        12             9           11

Bedford and Kilby                             7000             10          CI     1928                57        13           24             8

Cambridge from Russell to Well
D

7200             12          CI     1959                26        14           12             6

Well D to Well F                                5700             16          CI     1959                26        15           12           13
Water to Connector to Well F            3700             16          CI     1909                26        16           13           11
Connector to Well F                            100             10          CI     1959                26        17           14           13
Well D to Well C                                 800             14          CI    -1900                85        18           12           15
Well C to Horn Pond Reservoir            500             16          CI    -1900                85        19           15           16

Well C to Wells
A2, B, C2

200             16          CI    -1900                85        20           15           17

Lake and Arlington                            6000             16          CI     1921                64        21           17           18
Pleasant from Woburn Pkwy. to         1300             16          CI     1916                69        22           11           18

*          CI = Cast Iron
AC = Asbestos Cement
24

N. Warren

Street(s)                        Lengt h
(ft.)

Diam.
(in.)

Type *      Date
Built

Age in
1985(yrs.
)

Pipe
No.

From
Node

To
Node

Lake and Main to Fowle                    4700             16          CI     1913                72        23           17           19
Main from Fowle to Green                   900             16          CI     1914                71        24           19           20
Main from Green to Montvale             2000             16          CI     1914                71        25           20           21
Main from Montvale to Pleasant           300             16          CI     1914                71        26           21           22
Pleasant from N. Warren to Main       1300             16          CI     1916                69        27           18           22
Main from Montvale to Salem              900             16          CI     1914                71        28           22           23
Main from Salem to Kilby                  1400             16          CI     1915                70        29           23           24
Main from Kilby to Clinton                 1900             16          CI     1917                68        30           24           25
Main from Clinton to Wyman               700             16          CI     1917                68        31           25           26
Ellis                                                    1700             16          CI     1959                26        32           11           27
N. Warren from Pleasant to Ellis         1100             10          CI     1910                75        33           18           27
Harrison and Winn to Pleasant            2100             16          CI     1959                26        34           22           27
N. Warren and Winn to Bedford        1750             20          CI     1959                26        35           27           28
Bedford and Hillside                           1400             24          CI     1959                26        36           28           29
Kilby, Hart, and Wyman                    3800             16          CI     1959                26        37           28           26

Fowle and Garfield to Green              1500               8          CI   1915/
27

70/58        38           19           30

Green from Main to Garfield               1700             10          CI     1929                56        39           20           30
Montvale from Main to Auburn          1100             12          CI     1922                63        40           21           31
Auburn and Garfield to Green            3400               8          CI     1927                58        41           30           31
Montvale from Auburn to Bow           1900             12          CI     1922                63        42           31           32
Montvale from Bow to Wood            2200             12          CI     1922                63        43           33           32
Montvale from Wood to Green          1000             12          CI     1910                75        44           34           33
Green from Garfield to Montvale        4500             10          CI     1929                56        45           34           30
Montvale from Green to Central         1500             12          CI     1910                75        46           35           34

Montvale from Central to
Washington
Montvale from Washington to
MDC

600             12          CI     1910                75        47           36           35

100             12          CI     1975                10        48           37           36

Central and D Streets                         3300               6          CI     1914                71        49           35           38
Washington from Montvale to D         2500               6          CI     1920                65        50           36           38

Washington from Montvale to
Pine

1800               6          CI     1932                53        51           36           39

Central from Montvale to Pine            1300             12          CI     1975                10        52           35           39
Salem from Main to Bow                   3400             10          CI     1920                65        53           23           40
Bow                                                  2000               6          CI     1921                64        54           32           40
Salem from Bow to Wood                 1500             10          CI     1920                65        55           40           41
Wood                                                2600               6          CI     1920                65        56           33           41

25

Street(s)                        Lengt h
(ft.)

Diam.
(in.)

Type *      Date
Built

Age in
1985(yrs.
)

Pipe
No.

From
Node

To
Node

Salem from Wood to Pine                  1200             10          CI     1920                65        57           42           41
Pine                                                   3500             10        AC      1930                55        58           39           42
Washington from Pine to Cedar          3400               6          CI     1930                55        59           39           44
Salem from Pine to Wells G & H        1700             12        AC      1965                20        60           42           43
Salem and Cedar to Washington        1400             12        AC      1965                20        61           43           44
Wells G & H Connector                       750             12        AC      1965                20        62           45           43
Clinton                                                 800               6          CI     1928                57        63           25           46
Beach                                                3000               6          CI     1928                57        64           40           46
Eaton                                                 1400             16          CI     1960                25        65           26           47
Mishawum from Clinton to Eaton         600               6          CI     1957                28        66           46           47

Mishawum from Eaton to Forest
Pk.
Mishawum from Forest Pk. To
Olympia
Olympia from Mishawum to
Wildwood

600             16          CI     1960                25        67           47           48

2500             16          CI     1960                25        68           48           49

1000             16          CI     1960                25        69           49           50

Wildwood                                          5000             12          CI     1970                15        70           41           50

Olympia from Wildwood to
Washington
Washington from Cedar to
Olympia
Forest Pk. from Mishawum to
Alfred

3800             16          CI     1960                25        71           50           51

2000             12        AC      1965                20        72           44           51

2800             16        AC      1970                15        73           48           52

Forest Pk. from Alfred to School       1100             16        AC      1970                15        74           52           53

School from Forest Pk. to
Mishawum
Mishawum from Olympia to
School
New Boston from School to
New Industrial

1600               6          CI     1932                53        75           53           54

1000               6          CI     1899                86        76           49           54

1100             16        AC      1970                15        77           53           55

New Industrial                                   1800             12        AC      1971                14        78           55           56
Ryan                                                    800             12        AC      1971                14        79           54           56

Mishawum from Ryan to
Commerce
Mishawum from Commerce to
Washington
Washington from Olympia to
Mishawum

2500             16          CI     1978                  7        80           56           57

1100             24          CI     1973                12        81           58           57

1600             16          CI     1973                12        82           51           58

Commerce Way                                3200             20          CI     1973                12        83           57           59

26

Street(s)                        Lengt h
(ft.)

Diam.
(in.)

Type *      Date
Built

Age in
1985(yrs.
)

Pipe
No.

From
Node

To
Node

Commonwealth Avenue                      3700             10        AC      1977                  8        84           59           60

Washington from Mishawum to
Commonwealth

3300               6          CI   1920/
38

65/47        85           58           60

New Boston from New Industrial to Merrimack

4100             16        AC      1970                15        86           55           61

Main from Wyman to Alfred               4100             16          CI     1917                68        87           26           62
Alfred                                                2900               6          CI     1931                54        88           52           62
Elm from main to West                       1300             12          CI     1920                65        89           62           63
Elm from West to Main                      1800             12          CI     1920                65        90           63           64
Main from Elm to Nichols                     500             12          CI     1927                58        91           64           65
School from Main to Merrimac             700               6          CI     1924                61        92           64           66

School from Merrimac to New
Boston

3700                6          CI     1932                53        93           53           66

Merrimac                                         4900                6          CI     1924                61        94           66           61
Nichols                                             1200              12          CI     1927                58        95           65           67
Webster                                           1500              12          CI     1927                58        96           67           68
Pearl and West                                 3000                6          CI     1916                69        97           63           68
Pool and Winter                               2000                6          CI     1925                60        98           67           69
Mountain                                          2200                6          CI     1923                62        99           70           69
Main from Nichols to Mountain        2000                6          CI     1913                72      100           65           70
*

*  CI = Cast Iron         AC = Asbestos Cement
27

TABLE 2
1984 USER DEMAND AREAS, BASED ON WATER METER ADDRESSES AND THE STREET INDEX FOR POLLING PLACES

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

1                            Anna Road                                                                                     30
Canterbury Road                                                                            19
Carroll Road                                                                                   28
Carson Road                                                                                  16
Cerqua Street                                                                                 10
Dix Road                                                                                        37
Dix Road Ext. Douglas Green
Duren Avenue                                                                                 45
Exeter Drive                                                                                    13
Fortune Road                                                                                  16
Gayle Street                                                                                    12
Gettysburg Street                                                                            16
Grant Street                                                                                    10
Hallmark Drive                                                                                19
Hampshire Cr.                                                                                 3
Helen Drive                                                                                      2
Howard Court                                                                                 6
Johnson’s Grant
Kendall’s Mill
Kensington Avenue                                                                         10
Kensington Drive
Liana Street                                                                                    19
Linda Street                                                                                     5
Lee Road                                                                                        18
Lexington Street, 310 to end                                                            35
Manomet Road                                                                               13
Melo Road                                                                                     11
Michael’s Green
Parliament Lane                                                                               22
Penny Road                                                                                    11
Quail Run
Rich Road                                                                                       27
Robinson Road                                                                               50
Roman Road                                                                                   20
28

Node
#

Russle Court

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Russell Street, 206 to end                                                                56
Ryder Drive                                                                                     2
Sachem Road                                                                                  8
Samoset Road                                                                                45
Sawmill Brook Way
Saw Mill Brook Way
Senator Road                                                                                  17
Seneca Road                                                                                  18
Squanto Road                                                                                 20
Stonewall Drive                                                                               11
Strawberry Lane                                                                              3
Tanners Circle                                                                                  4
Todd Road                                                                                     10
Vinebrook Way
3                            Arcadia Street                                                                                  7
Aspen Street                                                                                    6
Aspin Street
Bernard Road                                                                                 25
Glade Street                                                                                     7
Glenwood Avenue                                                                           27
Grace Road                                                                                    28
Henderson Road                                                                             18
Heritage Drive                                                                                 23
Janis Terrace                                                                                    8
Jean Road                                                                                        5
Lexington Street, 242 to 309                                                           29
Maura Drive                                                                                    21
Minchin Drive                                                                                  26
Morning Side Drive                                                                          8
Morning Side Circle                                                                         6
New Village Road                                                                            1
Parker Street                                                                                  16
Ridgewood Lane                                                                              7
Summit Street                                                                                  5
Waltham Street                                                                               43
Waverly Road                                                                                 31
4                            Adams Circle                                                                                   5
Battle March Way
Bay Road
29

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Bay Street                                                                                        6
Belford Circle                                                                                  11
Brisco Road                                                                                    15
Brook Road                                                                                     4
Crescent Road                                                                                13
Dawes Circle                                                                                   9
Freedom Road                                                                                10
Gilda Circle
Independence Drive                                                                        59
Kosciusko Street                                                                            10
Lexington Street, 200 to 241                                                            7
Mathew Place Minuteman Road October Lane
Old Cambridge Road                                                                       2
Old Lexington Road
Old Lexington Street
Otis Street                                                                                      12
Patriot road                                                                                      5
Pheasant Lane                                                                                 12
Prescott Way                                                                                   7
Revere Road                                                                                   64
Russell Street, 1 to 205                                                                   35
Silver Mine Road
Silvermine Road                                                                              10
Stevin Drive                                                                                     4
Sylvanus Wood Lane                                                                      34
Tory Row
Whispering Hill Road                                                                      14
Windsor Circle
Windsor Drive

6                            Cambridge Road, 60 to end                                                            37
Chapel Way
Country Club Road                                                                         48
Crossman Road                                                                               6
Crawford Drive                                                                                9
Day Circle                                                                                       53
Flint Circle
Gately Drive
Glen Road                                                                                       4
30

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Hiawatha Road                                                                               39
Indian Hill Road                                                                              30
Larch Road                                                                                      4
Ledgewood Road                                                                            9
Lexington Street, 145 to 199                                                           10
Locust Street, 101 to end
Lover Lane
Loves Lane                                                                                      5
Mayflower Road                                                                             35
Pond Terrace                                                                                   9
Rehabilitation Road                                                                        101
Surrey Circle                                                                                    4
Surrey Road                                                                                   33

7                            Bedford Road, 162 to end, 177 to end odd                                    198
Cambridge Road, 1 to 59                                                               130
Churchill Road                                                                                14
Downs Court
Kennedy Road                                                                                12
Marlboro Road                                                                               63
Princeton Road                                                                                6
8                            Banner Drive                                                                                    3
Bamberg Drive                                                                                 6
Bedford Road, 34 to 160 even, 35 to 175 odd                                46
Bedford Terrace                                                                              2
Bonnie Way
Brandt Drive                                                                                   16
Bruce Road                                                                                    11
Burlington Street, 71 to end
Cassidy Drive                                                                                  10
Doherty Place                                                                                  3
Elijah Street                                                                                    22
Houghton Street, 1 to 30
Jaycin Circle                                                                                     5
Katie Lane
Morrow Drive                                                                                  8
Oak Knoll Circle
Oak Knoll Drive
Quimby Avenue                                                                              32
Rag Rock Drive                                                                              16
Rock Street                                                                                    14
31

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Sheridan Street                                                                               36
Sheilds Street
Shields Street                                                                                  10
South Bedford Street                                                                      23
Thistle Road, 18 to end                                                                    8
Thornton Street                                                                               13
Willow Street, 48 to end

9                            Akerson Road                                                                                 9
Akeson Road
Acorn Street                                                                                    4
Brookland Road                                                                              3
Bruno Terrace                                                                                 10
Burlington Street, 1 to 70
Cannon Road                                                                                   3
Clifford Terrace                                                                               6
Columbus Road                                                                              24
Foley Road                                                                                      3
Gangi Terrace                                                                                  5
Garden Heights Avenue                                                                    7
Garden Drive
Garden Street                                                                                 24
Harrison Avenue, 80 to end                                                             21
Houghton Street, 31 to end
Kennedy Park                                                                                 13
Laurence Road                                                                                7
Lexington Street, 1 to 144                                                               72
Locus Circle
Locust Street, 1 to 100                                                                   24
Mawn Avenue
Mawn Drive                                                                                     2
Mount Ida Street                                                                              8
Totman Drive                                                                                  89
Willow Street, 1 to 47
11                          Adams Drive                                                                                    4
Arlington Road, 40 to even, 37 to 81 odd                                        34
Bacon Street                                                                                    6
Beacon Street                                                                                 49
Brandon Court
Ellis Street, 1 to 37                                                                          18
Evans Road
32

Node
#

Evans Street

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Geary Drive                                                                                     2
Harrison Avenue, 50 to 79                                                              17
Millet Street                                                                                     1
Millett Street
Oak Street                                                                                       5
Pleasant Street, 94 to end                                                                45
Reed Street                                                                                     10
Sturgis Street, 38-end even, 35-end odd                                         14
Thompson Street                                                                              6
Water Street                                                                                   27
Woburn Parkway                                                                            9
Wolcott Road                                                                                 12
Valley Road                                                                                    23
17                          Arlington Road, 83 to end                                                               19
Barton Lane
Border Street                                                                                  12
Buckman Court
Buckman Street                                                                              54
Cove Street
Cranes Court                                                                                   2
Cranes Lane
Cross Street                                                                                     3
Fays Lane
Lake Avenue                                                                                   66
Lake Circle
Lake Terrace
Lydon Court                                                                                    5
Lynden Court
Main Street, 2 to 94 even, 1 to 107 odd                                           9
Maria Court                                                                                     5
Pickering Street                                                                               11
Stanley Terrace                                                                                6
Stoddard Street                                                                              19
Vining Court                                                                                   10
Wiley Street                                                                                    10
18                          Arlington Road, 2 t 38 even, 1 to 35 odd                                        114
Bennett Street                                                                                 23
Caulfield Road, 15 to end                                                                 6
Church Avenue, 11 to end                                                                8
33

Node
#

Converse Place

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Court Street                                                                                    29
Ellis Street, 38 to end                                                                       9
Foster Street                                                                                   11
Grove Street                                                                                   11
Harrison Avenue, 15 to 49                                                              12
Hillcrest Road                                                                                  2
Morse Street
Munroe Street                                                                                 17
North Warren Street, 1 to 60                                                          36
North Warren Street Ext.
Pleasant Street, 44 to 97                                                                 41
Wade Place                                                                                    48
Warren Avenue, 2-38 even, 1-29 odd                                             27
19                          Ash Street                                                                                       12
Brooks Street                                                                                  4
Buck Court
Buck Street                                                                                     12
Conn Street                                                                                    44
Conn Court
Dows Lane
Dow’s Lane                                                                                     8
Fowle Street, 2-62 even, 1-21 odd                                                 25
Hudson Place
Hudson Street                                                                                 32
Innitou Road                                                                                   13
John Street                                                                                      15
Lakeview Avenue
Lakeview Terrace                                                                           20
Lawrence Street                                                                              24
Main Street, 96-200 even, 107A-201 odd                                      10
Pierce Street                                                                                    3
Porter Street                                                                                   51
Richardson Street                                                                            41
Richardson Street Ext.
Richmond Park                                                                               14
Sturgis Street, 2-36 even, 1-33 odd                                                37
Veteran Road                                                                                 11
Warren Avenue, 40-end even, 31-end odd                                       4
Warren Road                                                                                   4
34

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

20                          Edgehill Road                                                                                  20
Green Street, 1 to 17                                                                       4
Highland Street, 2-14 even, 1-19 odd                                             18
Main Street, 202 to 280                                                                  59
Miller Place
Mt. Pleasant Street, 1 to 10                                                             13
Myrtle Street                                                                                   10
Prospect Street, 30 to end                                                               41
Summer Street                                                                                10
21                          Buel Place
Caulfield Road, 1 to 14                                                                    6
Church Avenue, 1 to 10                                                                   5
Common Street, 1 to 6
Everett Street, 31 to end                                                                   7
Gallagher Avenue
High Street, 1 to 40                                                                          6
Main Street, 281 to 375                                                                   9
Montvale Avenue, 2-50 even, 1-31 odd                                           4
Prospect Avenue                                                                              8
Prospect Street, 1 to 29                                                                  16
Walnut Street, 21 to end                                                                   9
22                          Abbott Street
Common Street, 7 to end
Everett Street, 1 to 30                                                                     12
Federal Street                                                                                 11
Harrison Avenue, 1 to 14                                                                 3
Main Street, 376 to 438                                                                   1
Park Street, 1 to 23
Pleasant Street, 1 to 43
Walnut Street, 1 to 20                                                                      9
Winn Street, 1 to 79                                                                        38
23                          Campbell Street, 1 to 39                                                                 16
Center Street                                                                                  34
Centre Street
Ellis Court                                                                                       11
Franklin Street                                                                                37
Harlow Court                                                                                   7
Hovey Street                                                                                   13
Hubbard Place
Manns Court                                                                                   10
35

Node
#

Mann’s Court

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Main Street, 439 to 524                                                                   7
Park Street, 24 to end                                                                     18
Salem Street, 1 to 75                                                                      58
Spring Street                                                                                    8
Union Street, 1 to 31                                                                       21
Wade Avenue, 1 to 12                                                                    48
Winn Park                                                                                      37
24                          Bedford Road, 1 to 33
Carter Place                                                                                     1
Charles Street                                                                                 15
Chesnut Street
Chestnut Street                                                                               49
Church Court                                                                                   4
Church Street                                                                                  24
Colonial Road                                                                                 23
Cummings Avenue
David Circle                                                                                     6
Davis Street                                                                                    37
Flagg Street                                                                                    17
Frances Street                                                                                 29
Francis Street
Hillside Avenue
James Street                                                                                   20
Johnson Street                                                                                 7
Kilby Drive                                                                                      4
Kilby Street                                                                                   115
Lantern Circle                                                                                  3
Linden Circle                                                                                    3
Linden Street                                                                                  11
Linden Street Ext.
Lisa Drive                                                                                        2
Main Street, 526-616 even, 525-607 odd                                       46
Manning Street                                                                                12
Middlesex Street                                                                              9
Mishawum Road, 2-10 even, 1-13 odd                                            9
North Warren Street, 61 to end                                                       72
Plympton Street                                                                              23
Scott Street                                                                                     28
Thistle Road, 1-5                                                                             5
36

Node
#

Village Street

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Winn Court                                                                                      2
Winn Street, 80 to end                                                                    78
Wright Street                                                                                  25
25                          Blake Street                                                                                     2
Blake Terrace                                                                                  6
Boys Club Lane
Clinton Street, 1 to 15                                                                     10
Main Street, 618 to 670 even, 609 to 671 odd                                28
Page Place                                                                                      10
Place Lane                                                                                       4
26                          Anderson Way
Brae Circle                                                                                      26
Brentwood Road, 1 to 26                                                               23
Brown Place                                                                                   11
Colony Road                                                                                   6
Coolidge Road                                                                                 4
Curtis Road                                                                                    10
Dickson Road                                                                                  7
Eaton Avenue, 12-30 even, 11-43 odd                                           20
Eaton Lane
Ellen Road                                                                                      15
Elmwood Place
Elmwood Terrace                                                                            2
Frances Road                                                                                 29
Frederick Circle                                                                              13
Frederick Drive
Hamilton Road                                                                                28
Hart Place                                                                                       24
Hart Street                                                                                      41
Intervale Street                                                                                11
Jericho Road                                                                                    5
Kimball Road                                                                                  13
Lowell Street                                                                                  58
Main Street, 672 to 732                                                                  30
Marion Avenue                                                                               14
Meadowbrook Lane
Meadow Lane
Millyan Road                                                                                   9
Murray Road                                                                                   5
37

Node
#

Murray Road Ext.

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Newbury Street                                                                              14
Park Drive                                                                                      38
Park Drive Ext.                                                                                5
Pilgrim Road                                                                                   16
Sendick Road                                                                                 13
Scheila Avenue                                                                                10
Wilcox Circle
Wyman Street                                                                                 51
30                          Abbott Court                                                                                   3
Allen Street                                                                                     11
Arlington Street                                                                               27
Belmont Street                                                                                13
Blueberry Hilll Road, 1 to 38                                                           43
Blossom Street                                                                                 4
Bradford Road                                                                                16
Bryant Street                                                                                   13
Carter Street                                                                                   20
Clark Street                                                                                     5
Cliffside Terrace                                                                               2
Crest Avenue
Eastern Avenue, 51 to end                                                               56
Fowle Street, 64-end even, 23-end odd                                          18
Fulton Street                                                                                   20
Garfield Avenue, 24-end even, 27-end odd                                     60
Glenwood Street                                                                             13
Golden Terrace                                                                                2
Green Street, 18-104 even, 19-91 odd                                           49
Highland Avenue                                                                              5
Highland Street, 16-end even, 21-end odd                                      27
Jefferson Court                                                                                6
Leonard Street                                                                                32
Madison Street                                                                               13
Manning Court
McCabe Court                                                                                3
Medford street
Mount Pleasant Court
Mount Pleasant Street, 11 to end                                                     60
Oxford Place                                                                                   4
Playstead Avenue                                                                             7
38

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Skyview Lane                                                                                  8
Skyview Road                                                                                 6
Sonar Drive
Sonrel Street                                                                                   18
South Street                                                                                    13
Spring Court                                                                                  127
Spring Court Ext. Spring Court Terrace Spring Garden Terrace Stoneham Street

31                          Auburn Street                                                                                 49
Campbell Street, 40 to end                                                             132
Fairmount Street                                                                             26
First Street                                                                                       7
Garfield Avenue, 2-32 even, 1-25 odd                                            18
Greenwood Avenue                                                                        10
Hanson Court                                                                                  5
High Street, 41 to end                                                                     29
Jefferson Avenue                                                                              7
Montvale Avenue, 52-88 even, 33-87 odd                                      79
Second Street                                                                                  3
Union Street, 32 to end                                                                   21
Wade Avenue, 13 to end                                                                 48
32                          Boline Place                                                                                    16
Bow Street, 1 to 32                                                                        15
Cook Terrace
Eastern Avenue, 1 to 50                                                                  30
Ferguson Place                                                                                5
Gardner Avenue                                                                               8
Holden Place                                                                                   8
Ingalls Street                                                                                   11
Liberty Avenue                                                                                48
Montvale avenue, 89 to 159                                                            54
Montvale Lane                                                                                 8
Oakwood Lane                                                                                3
Sherman Place                                                                                35
Sherman Place Court
Sherman Terrace
Sullivan Place                                                                                   4
Sullivan Street
39

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Vernon Street, 1 to 33                                                                    31

33                          Deb Road                                                                                        9
Harvard Street                                                                                16
Laurel Street                                                                                    4
Montvale Avenue, 160 to 210                                                         24
Nashua Street, 88 to end                                                                 14
Packard Street                                                                                 2
Theresa Road                                                                                  6
Wod Street, 43 to end                                                                     15
34                          Blueberry Hill Road, 39 to end
Connors Drive
Draper Street                                                                                   1
Eagle Road                                                                                      9
Fieldstone Drive                                                                              16
Fox Road
Frank Street                                                                                    13
Frank Street Court
Green Street, 106-end even, 93-end odd                                        14
Hawk Road                                                                                     4
Henry Avenue                                                                                 13
Holton Street                                                                                  11
James Terrace                                                                                 18
Micro Drive
Moantvale Avenue, 211 to 263                                                       12
Nashua Street, 1 to 87                                                                    47
Paul Avenue                                                                                     5
Pigeon Road
Tremont Street                                                                                30
Vernon Street, 34 to end                                                                 17
Williams Avenue                                                                              22
35                          Asbury Avenue                                                                               12
Central Street, 22 to 76                                                                   17
Erie Street, 1 to 9                                                                             5
Grape Street, 1 to 16                                                                       6
Orange Street, 29 to end                                                                 23
Montvale Avenue, 264 to 285                                                          6
Utica Street, 12 to end                                                                     4
36                          A Street
Albany Street                                                                                  14
Central Court
40

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Erie Street, 10 to end                                                                       7
Fremont Street                                                                                 6
Grape Street, 17 to end                                                                   14
Hawthorne Street, 1 to 11                                                                4
Henshaw Street                                                                                1
Hill Street Mack Road Maple Street Merrill Street
Montvale Avenue, 286 to end                                                           9
Sherman Street
Utica Street, 1 to 11                                                                         6
Washington Street, 22 to 124                                                          39

38                          C Street
Central Street, 77 to end                                                                 10
D Street Middlesex Avenue Ran Drive
Washington Avenue                                                                          1
Washington Street, 1 to 21                                                               7
39                          Albert Drive                                                                                    60
Carmen Terrace                                                                              16
Carter Road                                                                                     4
Central Street, 1 to 21                                                                     15
Felton Street                                                                                   22
Floyd Street                                                                                    11
Gregg Street                                                                                   19
Hawthorne Street, 12 to end                                                            11
Lakeview Avenue
Lawson Street                                                                                 12
Mill Street                                                                                      213
Mill Terrace                                                                                    19
Munroe Avenue                                                                              14
Montvale Road, 66 to end                                                               18
My Street
Nason Terrace
Orange Street, 1 to 28                                                                    18
Perry Street                                                                                     6
Pine Street, 67 to end                                                                      32
Radcliffe Way                                                                                  3
41

Node
#

Radclyffe Way

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Salem Street, 378 to end                                                                 10
Unicorn Drive
Washington Circle                                                                           20
Washington Street, 125 to 272                                                        30
Washington Terrace                                                                         6
40                          Alpena Avenue                                                                                 7
Beach Street, 54 to end                                                                   16
Bow Street, 33 to end                                                                     15
Buttaro Road                                                                                  29
Continental Court                                                                            72
Creston Avenue                                                                              72
Dearborn Terrace                                                                            3
Field Terrace                                                                                   4
Hilltop Circle                                                                                    7
Hilltop Parkway                                                                              17
Hilltop Terrace                                                                                16
Hyde Avenue                                                                                   2
Kathleen Drive Laura Road Loker Lane
Maple Avenue, 1 to 30                                                                   17
Memorial Avenue
Parkview Road                                                                               12
Roger Avenue
Rogers Avenue                                                                                 5
Salem Street, 76 to 173                                                                  48
Sedgewick Park                                                                               9
Sedgewick Park Ext.
Walnut Court                                                                                   9
Westview Terrace                                                                           11
41                          Albert Street                                                                                    7
Hancock Street                                                                                3
Hinston Road, 1 to 15                                                                     11
Joshua Street
Lillian Street, 2 to 32 even, 1 to 19 odd                                           21
Maple Avenue, 31 to end                                                                12
Salem Street, 174 to 235                                                                23
Sunset Avenue                                                                                 5
Wildwood Avenue, 1 to 275
42

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Winstead Avenue                                                                            17
Wood Street, 1 to 42                                                                      13

42                          Bird Street                                                                                      11
Chase Street                                                                                    9
Crescent Avenue                                                                              3
Dale Street                                                                                      11
Elm Avenue                                                                                     19
Lincoln Road                                                                                   9
Montvale Road, 1 to 65                                                                  35
Pine Street, 1 to 66                                                                         19
Riley Road
Salem Street, 236 to 280                                                                 6
Walnut Hill Park
Walnut Hill Street
44                          Aberjona Drive
Carlena Terrace                                                                              11
Cedar Drive
Cedar Street                                                                                    5
Forbes Road
Forbes Street
George Avenue                                                                               13
Lynn Street                                                                                      5
Marilyn Court                                                                                  7
Pento Road
Rifle Range Road                                                                             2
Robert Avenue                                                                                14
Salem Avenue                                                                                 12
Salem Street, 281 to 377                                                                24
Schneider Court
Spartan Circle
Stephanie Cr.                                                                                  12
Washington Street, 273 to 368                                                        18
46                          Anthony Drive                                                                                  6
Beach Street, 1 to 53                                                                      29
Beach Terrace                                                                                 8
Cleveland Avenue                                                                           29
Clinton Street, 16 to end                                                                  12
Kendall Street                                                                                  3
KnollWood Avenue                                                                         7
Maywood Lane
43

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Maywood Terrace                                                                          21
Middle Street, 1 to 9                                                                        8
Mishawum Road, 12 to 52 even, 15 to 51 odd                                34

47                          Dodge Road                                                                                    1
Dorothy Drive                                                                                  3
Eaton Avenue, 32-end even, 45-end odd                                         5
Fairview Road                                                                                14
Fairview Terrace                                                                              8
Fryburg Road                                                                                  6
Middle Street, 0 to 63                                                                     12
Mishawum Road, 54-74 even, 53-77 odd                                       23
48                          Brentwood Road, 27 to end                                                            14
Carpenter Court
Cranston Cr.                                                                                    7
Edith Avenue                                                                                    7
Elaine Road                                                                                     5
Emeline Street                                                                                 13
Evangeline Lane                                                                               8
Forest Park Road, 1 to 35                                                              30
Forest Park Cr.                                                                                4
Hinston Road, 16 to end                                                                  15
Lillian Street, 24-end even, 19A-end odd                                        11
Majority Lane
Mishawum Road, 76-130 even, 79-129 odd                                   18
Middle Street, 64 to end                                                                  26
Overlook Avenue                                                                             3
Phillips Street                                                                                  12
Red Leaf Lane                                                                                 1
Susan Terrace                                                                                  8
49                          Atwood Avenue                                                                               1
Hall Street                                                                                        3
Highet Avenue                                                                                 21
Mishawum Road, 131 to 191                                                          23
Olympia Avenue, 83 to end                                                              1
Pine Grove Avenue                                                                          5
Rumford Park Avenue, 18 to end                                                    17
University Street                                                                               1
50                          Arrow Drive
Olympia Avenue, 61 to 82
State Street
44

Node
#

Wheeling Avenue

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Wildwood Avenue, 276 to end
51                          Dewey Avenue                                                                                18
Hobson Avenue                                                                               2
Marietta Street                                                                                 6
Normac road
Olympia Avenue, 1 to 60                                                                 7
Oregon Avenue                                                                                2
Wainwright Avenue                                                                          2
Washington Street, 369 to 443                                                         7
52                          Alfred Street, 24-end even, 27-end odd                                          16
Barbara Circle                                                                                 19
Boyd Road                                                                                     24
Cronin Way
Forest Glen Circle                                                                            7
Forest Glen Road                                                                             8
Forest Park Road, 36 to 95                                                            14
Rumford Park Avenue, 1 to 17                                                        11
Thomas Street                                                                                 12
53                          Emerson Road                                                                                 3
Forest Park Road, 96 to end                                                            8
Hope Lane                                                                                       8
Karen Road                                                                                    13
Lucia Terrace
New Boston Street, 1 to 133
School Street, 80 to 203                                                                 38
Woodside Terrace                                                                          22
54                          Alice Road                                                                                       5
Allan Street                                                                                      2
Bronislaw Street                                                                              12
Jan Road
Jan Street                                                                                        12
Old Mishawum Road                                                                       3
School Street, 204 to end                                                                15
Mishawum Road, 192-230 even, 195-275 odd                                4
55                          Adele Road Gill Street Everberg Road
Industrial Pkwy., 16-end even, 31-end odd
Industrial Road, 16-end even, 31-end odd
45

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

New Boston Street, 134 to 181
Roessler Road Sixth Road Torrence Road

56                          Industrial Pkwy., 2-14 even, 1-29 odd Industrial Road, 2-14 even, 1-29 odd Linscott Road
Mishawum Road, 232-278 even, 277-279 odd
Rath Road
Ryan Road
57                          Commerce Way, 1 to 36
Elmwood Street                                                                              10
Forest Avenue
Forest Street                                                                                    1
Garden Terrace                                                                               12
Mishawum Road, 280 to end                                                            7
58                          Dragon Court, 1 to 19                                                                      6
Dragon Court Circle                                                                         6
Richard Cr.                                                                                     49
Washington Street, 444 to end                                                          9
59                          Atlantic Avenue
AKA 57                 Cabot Road
Commerce Way, 37 to end Commonwealth Avenue Constitution Avenue’ Puritan Ave East
60                          Dragon Court, 20 to end                                                                  8
AKA 58                 Florence Terrace                                                                              2
North Dragon Court
61                          Dundee Drive
East Dexter Avenue, 101 to end
Fifth Road
First Road                                                                                        1
Fourth Road
Merrimac Street, 76A to end                                                           17
New Boston Street, 182 to end
North Maple Street Oakland Street Palmer Street Presidential Drive
46

Node
#

Rumford Avenue

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Third Road                                                                                      9
Torrice Drive
Undercover Way
62                          Alfred Place
Alfred Street, 2-22 even, 1-25 odd                                                  6
Alfred Street Ext.
Alfred Terrace                                                                                 6
Baldwin Green                                                                                 2
Elm Street, 1 to 29                                                                           9
Fisher Terrace                                                                                 25
Fletcher Road, 28 to end                                                                 26
Giacalone Lane
Giacalone Road
Harold Avenue                                                                                 9
Main Street, 733 to 869                                                                   3
Middlesex Canal Park Rear Alfred Street True Place
Van Norden Road, 19 to end                                                          15
63                          Elm Street, 30-72 even, 31-61 odd                                                 24
Newbridge Avenue                                                                         11
Patricia Cr                                                                                       7
Perry Place                                                                                      5
Tidd Avenue                                                                                    6
Traverse Street                                                                                6
Ward Street                                                                                    22
West Street                                                                                     30
64                          Elm Street, 74-end even, 63-end odd                                               6
Edwards Road                                                                                24
Keith Circle                                                                                     16
Knight Avenue
Main Street, 870 to 901                                                                   3
School Street, 1 to 13                                                                     11
Traverse Street
65                          App Court                                                                                       6
Dexter Avenue, 1 to 13                                                                   12
Donna Road                                                                                   10
Donna Road Ext.
East Nichols Street                                                                          14
47

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Lord Terrace                                                                                   2
Main Street, 902-972 even, 903-949 odd                                       30
Minot Street                                                                                     7
Nichols Street                                                                                 19
O’Neil Road                                                                                    2
Pettiglio Terrace                                                                               2
Rear Dexter Avenue Wilson Street Wyman Place

66                          Baldwin Avenue                                                                               2
Banks Street                                                                                    3
Chester Avenue                                                                               21
Cottage Street                                                                                  3
Cutting Avenue                                                                                 1
Danford Avenue                                                                               4
Daniel Drive
East Dexter Avenue, 14 to 100
Dartmough Street                                                                            12
Eighth Road                                                                                     1
Fletcher Road, 1 to 27                                                                    19
Foster Avenue                                                                                  7
Hensel Avenue
Jones Avenue                                                                                   8
Longwood Avenue                                                                           8
Merrimac Street, 1 to 76                                                                 22
Michael Circle                                                                                 34
Mostika Road                                                                                  4
Poplar Street                                                                                    7
Prescott Street
School Street, 14 to 79                                                                   48
Tyler Street
Van Norden Road, 1 to 18                                                             10
Williams Court                                                                                 5
67                          Gatta Circle                                                                                     13
Poole Street, 2-34 even, 1-39 odd                                                  30
Nichols Street Ext.                                                                          54
Webster Avenue                                                                             60
Webster Avenue Ext.                                                                       3
Webster Court
Webster Street, 1 to 19                                                                    1
48

Node
#

Addresses                                       # of Residences

68                          Bartlett Drive                                                                                   26
Dickie Road                                                                                     9
Florence Road
Kendal Drive
Kendall Drive                                                                                  17
Kimball Court                                                                                  1
Pearl Street                                                                                    292
Spring Garden Terrace                                                                     4
Sunnyside Road
Sylvan Road                                                                                    2
Webster Street, 20 to end                                                               11
Westgate Drive
69                          Briarwood Road                                                                             16
Cedar Road                                                                                    10
Mountain Street, 45 to end                                                              19
Poole Street, 36-end even, 41-end odd                                            9
Robinlea Circle                                                                                12
Winter Road                                                                                   49
Winter Street                                                                                  11
Williams Lane                                                                                   6
70                          Ashburon Avenue                                                                            20
Breed Avenue
Delaware Avenue                                                                             2
Ford Terrace                                                                                   2
Indiana Avenue                                                                                2
Kearsage Avenue                                                                             6
Kentucky Avenue                                                                             4
Lamoil Street                                                                                   6
Lancaster Street Lee Street Lenox Avenue Leslie Avenue
Main Street, 974-end even, 951 to end odd                                   145
Massachusetts Avenue                                                                     2
Marian Street                                                                                   2
Milan Avenue                                                                                  25
Montgomery Avenue
Mountain Street, 1 to 44                                                                 17
Naples Avenue                                                                                10
North Maple Street                                                                         16
49

Node
#

Park Avenue
Pennsylvania Avenue

Addresses                                       # of Residences

Richmond Avenue                                                                           11
Summit Avenue
Tennessee Avenue                                                                            1
Tennessee Street Thurman Street Townsend Street
Virginia Avenue                                                                                2
Wachusett Avenue
Washington Avenue                                                                          8
Wheeling Street                                                                                3

50

TABLE 6
INPUT VARIABLES FOR THE COMPUTER MODELS

Variable                                 Symbol             Typical value                      Data error level
Pipe Length                            L                       4200 ft.                               50 ft.
Pipe diameter                          D                       12 in.                                   0.1 in.
Pipe connections                     none                  Node number                      none
Pipe roughness                        C                       80                                        40
Node water demand                Qd                                  181 gal./min.                        60 gal./min.
Node elevation                       Z                       161 ft.                                 1 ft.
Reservoir level                        Z                       312 ft.                                 1 ft.
Pump flow rate                        Qp                                  600 gal./min.                        6 gal./min.
Pump total head                      Hp                                  264 ft.                                 3 ft.
Well water level                      Z                       40 ft.                                   2 ft.
Check valve sites                    none                  Pipe number                        None
Pollutant concentration            P                       0.58 ppm                            0.01 ppm

51