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["Last Updated September 2020"]
[null,"Converting Lawn to Pollinator Habitat: Savings Calculator"]
[null,"Pollinating insects, such as bees and butterflies, need a diverse mix of vegetation for nesting and feeding and for all stages of life, from the larvae stage to mature adult. Converting lawn areas to gardens and wildflower meadows - or by simply reducing the number of times a lawn is mowed - will help create this critical pollinator habitat. Reducing the area and frequency of mowing will also reduce fuel usage, associated greenhouse gas emissions, and save staff time required to maintain the land. \nThis calculator provides an estimate of cost-savings, staff time saved, and greenhouse gas emissions reduced by converting unused lawn into pollinator habitat."]
["Input","Under \"Step 1,\" fill out the green boxes with the data pertaining to your site, including the type of pollinator habitat being created and whether you would like to include mowing labor costs in your cost-savings calculations*. \n\nFill out the yellow cells in \"Step 1a\" if \"till & seed\" is selected as the habitat change. If no data is input, default data will be used. Note that this default data reflects costs if equipment is owned by the agency and labor is done by existing staff.\n\n \"Step 2\" offers the opportunity to input data points around labor and fuel costs, if known. We have provided \"default\" values based on data found in the \"Assumptions\" tab. If you want to use these values, select \"yes\" in the \"Use default data?\" column. This will auto-fill the necessary cells. Otherwise, select \"no\" and input your own data in the yellow cells."]
[null,"*Note that including labor costs in the calculations will reflect higher overall savings as fewer staff hours are needed to maintain pollinator habitats. However, staff hours could be reassigned to other tasking and thus monetary benefits may not be measurable."]
["Results","The results tab generates tables and graphs to compare the traditional mowing regime to the maintenance of the new pollinator habitat. Note that you may need to zoom out or scroll to the right to see every chart. If printing is desired, set the paper orientation to \"Landscape;\" all charts should fit onto two pages."]
["Assumptions","Default values have been provided in the input tab based on prior research and user feedback. The rationale and sources  behind these estimates can be found in the Assumptions tab. Note that these values may change year to year and region to region."]
["Resources","The Resouces tab provides descriptions and links to other organizations that offer expertise, best-practices, and funding related to pollinator habitat creation. These resources are intended to be purely informational; DOER does not support in any official capacity any of the listed organizations."]

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[]
[null,"Pollinator Habitat Savings Calculator: Input"]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Do not make edits to cells that are gray",null,null,null,null,"Step 1a: Till & Seed Upfront Capital (Setup) Costs"]
[null,"Step 1: Site Details",null,"Data Input",null,null,{"$f":"IF(type=\"till & seed\", \"Insert values below if known. Otherwise, default is used.\", \"Do not fill below. No capital (upfront setup) costs for limited-mow.\")","v":"Do not fill below. No capital (upfront setup) costs for limited-mow."}]
[null,"Parcel Size (acres)",null,1,null,null,"Preparation Costs",null,"Default Costs","Data Input"]
[null,"Baseline # of Mows (annually)",null,12,null,null,"Tilling equipment amortized costs",null,{"$f":"IF(J9>0,\"-\",preparing*acres)","v":15.5}]
[null,"Fuel Type for Mower",null,"gasoline",null,null,"Seed Cost",null,{"$f":"IF(J10>0,\"-\",seeds*acres)","v":763.78250000000003}]
[null,"Type of Change",null,"limited mow",null,null,"Seeding equipment amortized costs",null,{"$f":"IF(J11>0,\"-\",seeding*acres)","v":19.5}]
[null,"Include mowing labor costs in calculations?",null,"yes",null,null,"Labor Cost",null,{"$f":"IF(J12>0,\"-\",labor_cost_default*acres*7)","v":259.77}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total Till & Seed Capital Cost",null,{"$f":"IF(AND(J9=\"\",J10=\"\",J11=\"\",J12=\"\"),SUM(I9:I12),SUM(IF(J9=\"\",I9,J9)+(IF(J10=\"\",I10,J10))+(IF(J11=\"\",I11,J11))+(IF(J12=\"\",I12,J12))))","v":1058.5525}]
[]
[null,"Step 2: Site Management Logistics",null,"Default Data","Use Default Data?"]
[null,"Mowing Time (hours per mow)",null,{"$f":"hours_per_acre*acres","v":1.5},"yes",1.5]
[null,"Fuel Cost (per gallon)",null,{"$f":"IF(fuel=\"gasoline\", gas, IF(fuel=\"diesel\", diesel,IF(fuel=\"propane\", propane)))","v":2.58},"yes",2.58]
[null,"Fuel Usage (gallons per mow)",null,{"$f":"IF(fuel=\"gasoline\",gallons_gas*mowing_time,IF(fuel=\"diesel\",gallons_diesel*mowing_time,IF(fuel=\"propane\",gallons_propane*mowing_time)))","v":2.4749999999999996},"yes",2.4749999999999996]
[null,"Annual Amortized Mower Maintenance Cost",null,{"$f":"maintenance_cost_hourly * mowing_time * annual_mows","v":30.599999999999998},"yes",20.399999999999999]
[null,"Mowing Labor Cost (per hour)",null,{"$f":"IF(include_labor=\"yes\",labor_cost_default,\"n/a\")","v":37.11},"yes",40]

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[]
[null,"Business as Usual vs Pollinator Habitat: Conversion Savings Summary"]
[null,"Three key takeaways are highlighted at the top. See the boxes below for details."]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Est. Annual Savings",{"$f":"I14","v":748.94050000000004}]
[null,null,null,null,"Annual Avoided Emissions (lb CO2)",{"$f":"I16","v":533.5847297549999}]
[null,null,null,null,"Payback of Upfront Capital Costs",{"$f":"I19","v":"Year 1"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Estimated Pollinator Habitat Savings"]
[null,"Business as Usual Mowed Turf Costs",null,null,{"$f":"IF(type=\"till & seed\", \"Pollinator Habitat Costs: Till & Seed\", \"Pollinator Habitat Costs: No Mow\")","v":"Pollinator Habitat Costs: No Mow"},null,null,null,"Annual","Lifetime (8 years)"]
[null,"Site Preparation Costs",0,null,"Site Preparation Costs",{"$f":"IF(AND(type=\"till & seed\", capitalcost_input<>\"\"), capitalcost_input, IF(AND(type=\"till & seed\", capitalcost_input=\"\"), capitalcost_default, 0))","v":0},null,"Year 1 Site Preparation Cost",{"$f":"-F10","v":0},{"$f":"I10","v":0}]
[null,"Annual Fuel Cost",{"$f":"F11*annual_mows","v":76.625999999999991},null,"Annual Fuel Cost",{"$f":"IFERROR(fuel_cost*fuel_usage, fuel_cost_default*fuel_usage_default)","v":6.3854999999999995},null,"Fuel Cost Savings",{"$f":"C11-F11","v":70.240499999999997},{"$f":"I11*8","v":561.92399999999998}]
[null,"Annual Labor Cost",{"$f":"IFERROR(F12*annual_mows,\"-\")","v":720},null,"Annual Labor Cost",{"$f":"IF(include_labor=\"yes\",mowing_time*labor_cost,\"-\")","v":60},null,"Labor Cost Savings",{"$f":"IFERROR(C12-F12,\"-\")","v":660},{"$f":"IFERROR(I12*8,\"-\")","v":5280}]
[null,"Annual Amortized Maintenance Cost",{"$f":"IFERROR(F13*annual_mows, \"-\")","v":20.399999999999999},null,"Annual Amortized Maintenance Cost",{"$f":"IFERROR(maintenance_cost/annual_mows,\"-\")","v":1.7},null,"Amortized Maintence Cost Savings",{"$f":"IFERROR(C13-F13,\"-\")","v":18.7},{"$f":"IFERROR(I13*8,\"-\")","v":149.6}]
[null,"Total Year 1 Cost",{"$f":"SUM(C10:C13)","v":817.02599999999995},null,"Total Year 1 Cost",{"$f":"SUM(F10:F13)","v":68.085499999999996},null,"Total Gross Savings",{"$f":"SUM(I11:I13)","v":748.94050000000004},{"$f":"I14*8","v":5991.5240000000003}]
[null,"Total Annual Upkeep Cost",{"$f":"IFERROR(SUM(C11:C13), \"-\")","v":817.02599999999995},null,"Total Annual Upkeep Cost",{"$f":"IFERROR(SUM(F11:F13), \"-\")","v":68.085499999999996}," ","Net Savings Over Lifetime","-",{"$f":"SUM(J10:J13)","v":5991.5240000000003}]
[null,"Greenhouse Gas Emissions (lb CO2)",{"$f":"F16*annual_mows","v":582.09243245999994},null,"Greenhouse Gas Emissions (lb CO2)",{"$f":"IF(fuel=\"gasoline\", ghg_gas*fuel_usage, IF(fuel=\"diesel\", ghg_diesel*fuel_usage, IF(fuel=\"propane\", ghg_propane*fuel_usage)))","v":48.507702704999993},null,"Avoided GHG Emissions (lb CO2)",{"$f":"C16-F16","v":533.5847297549999},{"$f":"I16*8","v":4268.6778380399992}]
[null,"Annual Mowing Time (hrs)",{"$f":"F17*annual_mows","v":18},null,"Annual Mowing Time (hrs)",{"$f":"mowing_time","v":1.5},null,"Mowing Time Savings (hrs)",{"$f":"C17-F17","v":16.5},{"$f":"I17*8","v":132}]
[null,"Pollinator habitats are typically only mowed once a year. However, they may need extra care in the first two years in order for the seeds to take. Note this potential cost is not accounted for in the calcualtions. ",null,null,null,null,null,"Annual Upkeep: Percent Cost Reduction",{"$f":"IFERROR(1-(F15/C15),\"-\")","v":0.91666666666666663}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Payback of Upfront Capital (Setup) Cost",{"$f":"IF(type=\"no mow\",\"N/A\",IF(SIGN(year1new)=1,Year_1,IF(SIGN(year2new)=1,Year_2,IF(SIGN(year3new)=1,Year_3,IF(SIGN(year4new)=1,Year_4,IF(SIGN(year5new)=1,Year_5,IF(SIGN(year6new)=1,Year_6, IF(SIGN(year7new)=1,Year_7, IF(SIGN(year8new)=1,Year_8,\"After Year 8\")))))))))","v":"Year 1"}]

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[null,"Annual upkeep costs, mowing time, and GHG emissions: Business as Usual vs Pollinator Habitat"]

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[null,"Cumulative Upkeep Costs, Mowing Time, and GHG Emissions over 8 years"]
[]
[]
[null,"Cumulative Upkeep Costs: Business as Usual vs Pollinator Habitat"]
[null,null,"Capital Cost","Year 1","Year 2","Year 3","Year 4","Year 5","Year 6","Year 7","Year 8 "]
[null,"Business as Usual",0,{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":817.02599999999995},{"$f":"IFERROR(2*'Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":1634.0519999999999},{"$f":"IFERROR(3*'Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":2451.078},{"$f":"IFERROR(4*'Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":3268.1039999999998},{"$f":"IFERROR(5*'Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":4085.1299999999997},{"$f":"IFERROR(6*'Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":4902.1559999999999},{"$f":"IFERROR(7*'Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":5719.1819999999998},{"$f":"IFERROR(8*'Results Summary'!$C$15, \"-\")","v":6536.2079999999996}]
[null,"Pollinator Habitat",{"$f":"'Results Summary'!F10","v":0},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+C7, \"-\")","v":68.085499999999996},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+D7, \"-\")","v":136.17099999999999},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+E7, \"-\")","v":204.25649999999999},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+F7, \"-\")","v":272.34199999999998},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+G7, \"-\")","v":340.42750000000001},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+H7, \"-\")","v":408.51300000000003},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+I7, \"-\")","v":476.59850000000006},{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!$F$15+J7, \"-\")","v":544.68400000000008}]
[null,"Net Savings",{"$f":"C6-C7","v":0},{"$f":"D6-D7","v":748.94049999999993},{"$f":"E6-E7","v":1497.8809999999999},{"$f":"F6-F7","v":2246.8215},{"$f":"G6-G7","v":2995.7619999999997},{"$f":"H6-H7","v":3744.7024999999994},{"$f":"I6-I7","v":4493.643},{"$f":"J6-J7","v":5242.5834999999997},{"$f":"K6-K7","v":5991.5239999999994}]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Cumulative Mowing Time: Business as Usual vs. Pollinator Habitat"]
[null,null,"Year 1","Year 2","Year 3","Year 4","Year 5","Year 6","Year 7","Year 8 "]
[null,"Business as Usual",{"$f":"mowing_time*annual_mows","v":18},{"$f":"IFERROR(C24*2, \"-\")","v":36},{"$f":"IFERROR(C24*3, \"-\")","v":54},{"$f":"IFERROR(C24*4, \"-\")","v":72},{"$f":"IFERROR(C24*5, \"-\")","v":90},{"$f":"IFERROR(C24*6, \"-\")","v":108},{"$f":"IFERROR(C24*7, \"-\")","v":126},{"$f":"IFERROR(C24*8, \"-\")","v":144}]
[null,"Pollinator Habitat",{"$f":"IFERROR(mowing_time, \"-\")","v":1.5},{"$f":"IFERROR(C25*2, \"-\")","v":3},{"$f":"IFERROR(C25*3, \"-\")","v":4.5},{"$f":"IFERROR(C25*4, \"-\")","v":6},{"$f":"IFERROR(C25*5, \"-\")","v":7.5},{"$f":"IFERROR(C25*6, \"-\")","v":9},{"$f":"IFERROR(C25*7, \"-\")","v":10.5},{"$f":"IFERROR(C25*8, \"-\")","v":12}]
[null,"Net Savings",{"$f":"C24-C25","v":16.5},{"$f":"D24-D25","v":33},{"$f":"E24-E25","v":49.5},{"$f":"F24-F25","v":66},{"$f":"G24-G25","v":82.5},{"$f":"H24-H25","v":99},{"$f":"I24-I25","v":115.5},{"$f":"J24-J25","v":132}]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"Cumulative GHG Emissions: Business as Usual vs. Pollinator Habitat"]
[null,null,"Year 1","Year 2","Year 3","Year 4","Year 5","Year 6","Year 7","Year 8 "]
[null,"Business as Usual",{"$f":"'Results Summary'!C16","v":582.09243245999994},{"$f":"IFERROR(C42*2, \"-\")","v":1164.1848649199999},{"$f":"IFERROR(C42*3, \"-\")","v":1746.2772973799997},{"$f":"IFERROR(C42*4, \"-\")","v":2328.3697298399998},{"$f":"IFERROR(C42*5, \"-\")","v":2910.4621622999998},{"$f":"IFERROR(C42*6, \"-\")","v":3492.5545947599994},{"$f":"IFERROR(C42*7, \"-\")","v":4074.6470272199995},{"$f":"IFERROR(C42*8, \"-\")","v":4656.7394596799995}]
[null,"Pollinator Habitat",{"$f":"IFERROR('Results Summary'!F16, \"-\")","v":48.507702704999993},{"$f":"IFERROR(C43*2, \"-\")","v":97.015405409999985},{"$f":"IFERROR(C43*3, \"-\")","v":145.52310811499999},{"$f":"IFERROR(C43*4, \"-\")","v":194.03081081999997},{"$f":"IFERROR(C43*5, \"-\")","v":242.53851352499996},{"$f":"IFERROR(C43*6, \"-\")","v":291.04621622999997},{"$f":"IFERROR(C43*7, \"-\")","v":339.55391893499996},{"$f":"IFERROR(C43*8, \"-\")","v":388.06162163999994}]
[null,"Net Savings",{"$f":"C42-C43","v":533.5847297549999},{"$f":"D42-D43","v":1067.1694595099998},{"$f":"E42-E43","v":1600.7541892649997},{"$f":"F42-F43","v":2134.3389190199996},{"$f":"G42-G43","v":2667.9236487749999},{"$f":"H42-H43","v":3201.5083785299994},{"$f":"I42-I43","v":3735.0931082849993},{"$f":"J42-J43","v":4268.6778380399992}]

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["References & Assumptions"]
["Listed below are assumptions made in calculating the \"default\" options. References include multiple sources and can be made available upon request."]
[]
["Default Option Choices"]
["yes","uses default"]
["no","uses input"]
[]
["Types of Fuel","Cost","Gallons/hr","GHG (lb CO2e/gallon)"]
["diesel",2.99,1,{"$f":"10.16*2.20462","v":22.398939199999997}]
["gasoline",2.58,1.65,{"$f":"8.89*2.20462","v":19.599071800000001}]
["propane",3.23,1.8,{"$f":"5.76*2.20462","v":12.698611199999998}]
[]
[null,"References"]
["Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions","https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php"]
["MA Propane Prices - Dec 2019","https://www.mass.gov/service-details/massachusetts-retail-alternative-transportation-fuel-prices"]
["MA Fuel Prices - Dec 2019","https://www.mass.gov/service-details/massachusetts-retail-gasoline-diesel-fuel-prices"]
["Fuel Emission Calculator","https://www.grasshoppermower.com/fuel-calculator/"]
["Fueling Options","https://www.government-fleet.com/152977/fueling-options-for-mowers"]
["Propane Vehicles","https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/propane.html"]
[]
[]
["Hours Mowing per Acre",1.5,"Assumption: 46\" inch mower width, 3-4mph"]
[]
[null,"References"]
["Mowing Calculator","https://www.inchcalculator.com/lawn-mowing-calculator/"]
["Mowing Productivity","http://www.encoreequipment.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Mowing-Times-and-Productivity.pdf"]
[null,"108.9 / (mph x 0.9 x mower deck width in inches) = hours to mow one acre"]
["Landscape Calculator","https://www.landscapecalculator.com/calculators/mow"]
["Mower Buying Guide","https://www.lowes.com/projects/lawn-and-garden/riding-mower-buying-guide/project"]
["Average Mowing Times","https://support.troybilt.com/s/article/165-1?language=en_US"]
[]
["Labor Cost per Hour",{"$f":"AVERAGE(B35:B38)","v":37.11}]
[]
[null,null,"References"]
["Poll of Lawncare Service Providers",60,"https://www.yourgreenpal.com/blog/what-is-a-fair-hourly-rate-or-lawn-care-are-you-getting-ripped-off"]
["Max. Landscaper Salary in MA",43,"https://www.careerexplorer.com/careers/landscaper/salary/massachusetts/"]
["Avg Landscaper Salary in MA",27.13,"https://www.careerexplorer.com/careers/landscaper/salary/massachusetts/"]
["Avg Hourly Rate in MA, May 2018",18.309999999999999,"https://www.bls.gov/oes/2018/may/oes373011.htm"]
[]
[]
[]
["Amortized Maintenance Cost",{"$f":"((B45*B46)+(B47*B48))/B44","v":1.7},"amortized maintenance cost over life of equipment (per hour of use)"]
[null,"Assumptions"]
[null,300,"hour riding mower life expectancy (ranges 250-300 hours)"]
[null,140,"per tune-up (includes air filter and oil change, new spark plug(s), sharping, clean carb, set RPMs, check linkage and spindles and wheels and tighten loose hardware and inspect for any other issues)"]
[null,{"$f":"B44/100","v":3},"tune-ups per mower life (assuming tune-up every 100 hours)"]
[null,30,"per oil change"]
[null,{"$f":"B44/50-B46","v":3},"oil changes per mower life (assuming oil change every 50 hours), not including oil changes during tune-ups"]
[]
[null,"References"]
["$249 Tune-Up","https://www.mowernmore.com/tune-up"]
["$120 - $150 Repair Specialist","https://www.thumbtack.com/p/lawn-mower-repair-cost"]
["$140 Riding Mower Tune Up","http://www.thelawnmowerguy.net/Prices-and-services.html"]
["$30 Oil Change & Oil Cost","http://superiorpowerequip.com/power-equipment-service/sturgeon-columbia-mo-service-prices/riding-lawn-mower-service-prices/",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"zero-turn mowers could last 3000 hours"]
["Riding Mower Left Expectancy","https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2011/06/q-a-should-you-buy-a-used-lawn-tractor-at-a-yard-sale/index.htm",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://www.turfmagazine.com/products/zero-turn-mower-lifetime-hours/"]
["Riding Mower Tune Up Frequency","http://progreengrass.com/when-should-i-tune-up-my-mower/"]
["Lowe's Mowers","https://www.lowes.com/pl/Riding-lawn-mowers-Lawn-mowers-Outdoor-tools-equipment-Outdoors/4294612687?int_cmp=LawnMowers:C:OutdoorPowerEquipment:Merch:Mower_Cat_Page_Riding_Mower_CTA",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Stand-on commercial mower could last 1500 hours"]
["Home Depot's Mowers","https://www.homedepot.com/b/Outdoors-Outdoor-Power-Equipment-Riding-Lawn-Mowers/N-5yc1vZc5ax",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://todaysmower.com/cost-justify-commercial-mower/"]
["Used Mowers","https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2011/06/q-a-should-you-buy-a-used-lawn-tractor-at-a-yard-sale/index.htm"]
[]
["Pollinator Habitat Type","limited mow","no initial site preparation to create pollinator habitat; typically mowed once per year."]
[null,"till & seed","creates pollinator habitat by preparing and seeding the field"]
[]
["Pollinator Habitat Costs","Cost/Acre","Cost/lb","Meant to provide a cost-estimate only. State and other relevant experts should be consulted before selecting a seed mix."]
["Seeds",{"$f":"AVERAGE(B66:B69)","v":763.78250000000003}]
[null,{"$f":"C66*7","v":424.13},60.59,"Ernst Seed sample mix. Seed 7lbs/acre"]
[null,{"$f":"C67*20","v":688},34.4,"Ernst Seed northeast showyt mix. Seed 20lbs/acre"]
[null,{"$f":"C68*6","v":768},128,"https://roundstoneseed.com/pollinators-honey-bee-mix/1063-pollinator-conservation-mix.html"]
[null,{"$f":"C69*25","v":1175},47,"Cost estimate for sample grassland seed mix, recommended by MA DFW. 25lbs/acre. Contact ryan.kingston@mass.gov for info."]
[]
["Preparing",15.5,"Assumption: vertical tillage equipment costs amortized over life of equipment (per acre)"]
["Seeding",19.5,"Assumption: seeding planter equipment costs amortized over life of equipment (per acre)"]
[]
[null,"References"]
["Pollinator Conservation Seed Mixes","https://xerces.org/pollinator-seed/"]
["2017 Custom Machine & Work Rates","https://msu.edu/~steind/cp-17%20MASTER%20Cust_MachineWrk%20NOV%2009%202016.pdf"]
["Cost Estimate: Field Operations","http://www.farmdoc.illinois.edu/manage/machinery/field_operations_2017.pdf"]
["Estimating Farm Machinery Costs","https://www.uaex.edu/publications/PDF/fsa-21.pdf"]