Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Fact sheet about bacterial vaginosis (BV)

What is BV?

BV is a common, treatable, vaginal condition that most often occurs in those who are sexually active. BV occurs when the natural balance of vaginal bacteria is disrupted. BV is curable with medication; however, it is possible to develop BV again after treatment. By taking certain actions, individuals can reduce their risk of developing BV in the future.

How does BV spread? 

• The cause of BV is still unknown; however, sex can increase chance of developing BV
• Activities that upset normal vaginal bacteria balance, such as douching, condomless sex, and having new or multiple partners, can increase the risk for BV
• BV is not caused by toilet seats, bedding, or swimming pools

What are the signs and symptoms of BV?

BV often has no symptoms but can still cause health problems. Possible signs and symptoms include: 

• A thin white or gray vaginal liquid (fluid that comes out of the vagina)
• Pain, itching, or burning in the vagina
• A strong fish-like odor of the vagina, especially after sex
• Burning when peeing
• Itching around the outside of the vagina

What are my testing options?

You should see a health care provider if you experience any signs or symptoms of BV. The provider can examine the vagina and test vaginal fluid to diagnose BV.

What are my treatment options?

BV is curable with the right antibiotics, taken either orally or as a vaginal gel or cream. It is important to take all prescribed medication to cure the bacterial infection that causes BV. It is possible to get BV multiple times, even after being previously treated. Sexual partners without vaginas typically do not require treatment.

What happens if BV is left untreated?

There are risks associated with untreated BV such as:

• An increased risk of getting or transmitting HIV, which is the virus that can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• Complications during pregnancy, such as premature delivery or miscarriage.
• An increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as gonorrhea, chlamydia and syphilis

How can I prevent BV?

Researchers do not fully understand the cause of BV; however, basic prevention steps can help you stay safe and lower your risk of BV:

• Use condoms correctly during sex and consider other barrier methods like dental dams
• Avoid douching, as it can disrupt the balance of bacteria in the vagina and increase the risk of STIs
• Limit your number of sexual partners with unknown STI status
• Get tested if you have symptoms of BV

These steps can also help reduce your risk for STIs and HIV. Medications like doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (Doxy PEP) can help prevent bacterial STIs after exposure, while HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (HIV PrEP) can reduce your risk of acquiring HIV. Take charge of your sexual health and talk to your provider about what methods are right for you.

Where can I get more information?

• Your doctor, nurse, or sexual and reproductive health provider
• Your health center or family planning clinic
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• The Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Division of STD Prevention & HIV Surveillance, Partner Services Program at [phone].
• Doxy PEP information from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health
• HIV PrEP information from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health