Coastal Habitat Protection and Restoration
CZM’s coastal habitat protection and restoration activities are centered around two enforceable Habitat Polices as described within the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management Policy Guide:
- Habitat Policy #1 - Protect coastal, estuarine, and marine habitats—including salt marshes, shellfish beds, submerged aquatic vegetation, dunes, beaches, barrier beaches, banks, salt ponds, eelgrass beds, tidal flats, rocky shores, bays, sounds, and other ocean habitats—and coastal freshwater streams, ponds, and wetlands to preserve critical wildlife habitat and other important functions and services including nutrient and sediment attenuation, wave and storm damage protection, and landform movement and processes.
- Habitat Policy #2 - Advance the restoration of degraded or former habitats in coastal and marine areas.
As coastal habitats provide critical ecosystem and other services, they are also protected by state and federal regulations. CZM coordinates closely with agency partners to review projects to ensure they comply with these requirements. For summaries of these regulatory programs, see Environmental Permitting in Coastal Massachusetts and Federal Consistency Review Program for more information specific to the CZM project review process.
In addition, CZM coordinates closely with the Division of Ecological Restoration within the Massachusetts Department of Fish and Game and other stakeholders to promote and support coastal habitat restoration efforts. CZM also directly funds habitat projects through the following grants:
- Coastal Habitat and Water Quality Grants provide funding to protect and restore coastal water quality and habitat and for comprehensive restoration planning.
- Coastal Resilience Grants provide funding and technical assistance to enhance and restore natural shorelines for the purpose of storm damage protection.
Active Restoration Projects
CZM and partners have secured federal funding to complete critical restoration projects in Massachusetts, with $9 million awarded through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coastal Zone Management Habitat Protection and Restoration Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL) Competition to date. Find details below.
Projects Awarded Funding in 2023
See State Celebrates Nearly $4 Million in Federal Funds to Restore Coastal Habitat and Improve Resilience to Climate Change for information about these grant awards, along with project descriptions below.
- Manchester-by-the-Sea - The Sawmill Brook Restoration Project was awarded $1,561,511 to restore salt marsh habitat and improve community resilience through nature-based and hybrid approaches. The project will result in restoration of one acre of salt marsh once tidal flow returns after the planned reconstruction of the Central Street Bridge and removal of a tide gate funded through a Federal Emergency Management Agency Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities grant administered by the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. In addition, stabilization of eroding streambanks using nature-based approaches will provide additional resilience benefits for critical infrastructure. Partners include the Town of Manchester and the Massachusetts Division of Ecological Restoration (DER).
- Truro - The Pamet River Restoration Project was awarded $2,183,779 to advance modeling, design, and permitting to restore tidal flow at five locations within the Pamet River system. This project will position the Town of Truro to implement comprehensive, watershed-scale actions to restore over 120 acres of highly productive salt marsh and estuarine habitat, as well as more than six miles of stream connectivity for fish and wildlife species. Restoration actions that restore connectivity and enhance natural shoreline processes will also improve tidal flushing for water quality improvements, mitigate the impacts of overwash events, and provide resilience benefits for roads and residential properties. Partners include DER, the Town of Truro, NOAA Habitat Restoration Center, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).
Projects Awarded Funding in 2024
Massachusetts Wins More than $5 Million in Federal Funds to Transform Retired Cranberry Bogs to Resilient Coastal Wetlands provides information on these grant awards, and project details are summarized below.
- Bourne - The Puritan Bog Coastal Wetland Restoration Project was awarded $338,000 to complete modeling, design, and permitting to restore 15 acres of coastal wetland at a retired cranberry bog and reestablish tidal exchange to the site. Alterations of the wetland to support cranberry farming cut off natural tidal flow and promoted the growth of invasive species. Restoration of tidal exchange and wetland functioning will reestablish native salt marsh vegetation, support a rich diversity of plant and animal species, and provide refuge for juvenile fish and other aquatic species. The restoration also has the potential to support future salt marsh establishment into upland areas in a process called marsh migration. By removing flow control structures in the retired bog, the project will also reduce flooding hazards to the surrounding community and help prevent road failure due to flooding. The project has been a restoration priority of partners in the region for nearly two decades, including the NRCS, Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program, Association to Preserve Cape Cod, DER Partnerships Program, Buzzards Bay Coalition, and Town of Bourne.
- Yarmouth - The Upper Bass River Coastal Habitat Restoration Project was awarded $4,666,515 to restore 57 acres of coastal wetland at retired cranberry bogs, remove structures that restrict flow, and replace a concrete fishway with a natural channel. Currently, multiple flow control structures—including a dam, an undersized culvert, and berms—limit flow of water and sediment, restrict passage of aquatic species, and pose a flood hazard to the surrounding community. This project will restore flow to the system by constructing a bridge to replace a partially collapsed culvert at Weir Road, along with removing other flow control structures within the bog system. The reconnection of flow, restoration of the retired cranberry bog, and naturalization of the river channel will improve water quality and wildlife passage for aquatic species—including substantial habitat for river herring, which were historically found in the Upper Bass River. Improved infrastructure will also reduce risk of flooding to adjacent properties and roadways. The project builds on assessment and design work funded by a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southeast New England Program Grant and will contribute to a larger vision for comprehensive restoration of over 160 acres of the Bass River ecosystem. Partners include the Town of Yarmouth, Friends of Bass River, and DER.
Salt Marsh Working Group
The Salt Marsh Working Group (SMWG) was formed through a partnership between CZM and the University of Massachusetts (UMass) Amherst in 2018 as a subgroup of the Massachusetts Ecosystem Climate Adaptation Network (Mass ECAN). SMWG serves as a forum for salt marsh researchers, practitioners, and managers to advance the state of science on salt marshes and climate resiliency. Over 80 participants across New England meet regularly to advance priorities, brainstorm ideas, and share research findings. The goals of SMWG are to: facilitate coordinated efforts to assess and monitor salt marshes; inform statewide and regional strategies for the prioritization, conservation, and restoration of salt marshes; share synthesized science and knowledge of climate impacts on salt marsh and the vulnerability of these systems to climate stressors; inform best practices for salt marsh climate adaptation efforts; and design collaborative funding approaches to support research.
Form more information on SWMG projects, see:
- Gaining Ground: Defining Priority Research for Resilient Salt Marshes (PDF, 336 KB) - SMWG has identified three intersecting priorities to support collaboration and research that promotes resilient salt marsh habitat now and into the future. The purpose of this summary document is to communicate SMWG research priorities—developed over a year-long, consensus-based process—and to inspire coordinated, transdisciplinary discussion and action around the complex and intersecting challenges of salt marsh management and resilience.
- Coastal Resilience - This UMass Amherst Gloucester Marine Station web page provides information and links associated with SMWG.
- Mass ECAN Salt Marsh Working Group Project Viewer - This online viewer allows users to input information about salt marsh projects and view ongoing research in Massachusetts and the region.
Fellow Project on Resilient Coastal Habitats
From 2017-2019, CZM hosted a NOAA Coastal Management Fellow to work on the following project: “Resilient Coastal Habitats: Maintaining Critical Ecosystem Services in the Face of Environmental Change.” Through this effort, CZM completed a vulnerability assessment of the Sandy Neck Barrier Beach System Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC). The assessment investigated the current and future impacts of factors such as nonpoint source pollution, development pressure, invasive species, and sea level rise on coastal habitats in the ACEC that provide critical ecosystem services such as wildlife habitat, nursery areas for commercially important species, and storm damage protection. Site-specific data collection and analysis, including field data collection and an assessment of stream crossings impacting the watersheds of the ACEC, were used to investigate the vulnerability of different habitats. A technical advisory committee that included staff from the Department of Conservation and Recreation and the Division of Ecological Restoration continually informed the project. CZM staff gave presentations on the project at multiple local and national meetings, including a Sandy Neck Symposium, where local stakeholders provided feedback on the assessment. The two primary products developed through this project are:
- Crossing Assessment for the Sandy Neck Barrier Beach System Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) (PDF, 24 MB) - Published in 2019, this assessment of selected crossings (i.e., culverts, bridges, and other structures that allow streams and rivers to flow under roads, paths, and rail beds) provides preliminary data for identifying and prioritizing restoration opportunities in the Sandy Neck ACEC watersheds.
- Coastal Habitat Vulnerability Assessment for the Sandy Neck Barrier Beach System Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) - in development. CZM conducted a vulnerability assessment of the critically important coastal habitats located in the ACEC. The goal of this assessment was to address the resiliency of these habitats to climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. This report provides recommendations and action steps that address issues such as habitat restoration, wildlife, land management, and planning and capacity building and may be used to begin to improve the resiliency of the ACEC and coastal habitats statewide.
Coastal Habitat Adaptation
The increasing recognition of the threats of climate change to critical coastal habitats has led to widespread concern and an acknowledgment of the need to explore, identify, and begin implementation of efforts to support adaptation. CZM continues to work with agency staff and other stakeholders to ensure that implemented strategies are scientifically sound, provide the intended results within acceptable impact limits, and are viable for the short and long term. CZM is an active member of the Interagency Coastal Wetlands Climate Resilience Workgroup, led by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection.
Passive Sediment Augmentation
Sediment is a necessary component of ecological processes that allow salt marshes to build elevation and keep pace with sea level rise.CZM partnered with the Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve and contracted with WSP USA Solutions, Inc., along with Sustainable Coastal Solutions, Inc. and Geyer & Ralston Consulting, to complete an initial feasibility assessment of Passive Sediment Augmentation (PSA) as an approach to conserve sediments and protect salt marsh ecosystems. The PSA method is a form of beneficial reuse where dredged sediments of suitable composition are redistributed to the marsh by wind or tidal-driven action from a nearshore disposal site. The project team enhanced a model within Waquoit Bay to test the conceptual strategy. Testing the feasibility of this concept using a modeled approach will lay the groundwork for continued exploration of the technique as a potential option for beneficial reuse of sediments in the future and support protection and restoration of salt marsh habitat. Please see the final report of Phase I, which was published in 2024: Passive Sediment Augmentation (PSA) - Phase I: Feasibility Study, Modeling, and Assessment Waquoit Bay (Falmouth and Mashpee), Massachusetts (PDF, 11 MB). Phase II of the project is underway.